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. 2024 Jan 21;11(13):2306884. doi: 10.1002/advs.202306884

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Bacteria‐induced host macrophage apoptosis generate protecting effects on sepsis. a) Schematic diagram of the experimental procedure of bacterial infection. S. aureus was intravenously administered to C57BL/6 mice. The control mice and S. aureus‐infected mice were euthanized at 24 h or 4 days after infection for further analysis. b) Immunostaining showed that S. aureus injection induced apoptosis of macrophages in liver or spleen of mice. Scale bar, 100 µm. c) The percentage of the apoptosis cells population. n = 5 mice. d) Schematic diagram of the experimental design to test the role for apoptosis of macrophage in sepsis. Empty liposomes or Z‐VAD‐FMK‐encapsulated liposomes were injected intravenously into mice 12 h before S. aureus injection. After 24 h or 4 days, the mice were euthanized for further analysis. e) Immunostaining showed that Z‐VAD‐FMK treatment prevent macrophages apoptosis in liver or spleen of C57BL/6 mice. Scale bar, 100 µm. f) The percentage of the apoptosis cells population. n = 5 mice. g) Survival rate of uninfected mice, infected mice, or infected mice receiving Z‐VAD‐FMK pretreatment. n = 10 mice. h,i) H&E staining of representative liver sections h) and the associated histological scores i) at 24 h or 4 days after infection. Scale bar, 50 µm. n = 5 mice. j,k) H&E staining of representative spleen sections j) and the associated histological scores k) at 24 h or 4 days after infection. Scale bar, 50 µm. n = 5 mice. l) The spleen weight at 4 days after infection. n = 5 mice. m) ALT and AST levels in the serum of uninfected mice, infected mice, or infected mice receiving apoptotic Z‐VAD‐FMK. n = 5 mice. All results are representative of the data generated in at least three independent experiments. n) Viable count of S. aureus in liver or spleen tissue at 12 h after infection. n = 5 mice. For c,f,i,k–n) data are represented as the mean ± s.d. For c) statistical significance was assessed by unpaired two‐tailed Student's t test. For f,i,k–n) statistical significance was assessed by one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. For (g) statistical significance was assessed by the log‐rank test. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.