Table 3.

Synthetic strategies, chiral stimulus, g‐factor, and applications of c‐Cdots.

Synthetic strategies		Carbon source	Chiral stimulus	g‐factor×10−3	Applications/REF
One‐pot approaches	Microwave methods	benzoquinone	Cys	–	Moisture sensing [ 71 ]
	Electrolysis	Cys	Cys		Enzyme catalysis[ 72 ]
	Electrolysis	Glu	Glu	–	Inhibited enzyme activity[ 74 ]
	Hydrothermal	Cys	Cys	–	Cellular metabolism[ 34a ]
		Cys	Cys	–	Drug delivery[ 75 ]
		Glucose	Glucose	–	Electrocatalysis[ 76 ]
	Hydrothermal	Citric acid	Gln	0.1 or 2.39	Chemical sensing[ 62b ]
			His	–
			Arg	–
		Citric acid	Cys	–	Bioimaging [ 77a ]
		Lys	Lys	–	Drug delivery [ 48 , 78 ]
		Citric acids	Glu	–	Antibacterial[ 77b ]
		Citric acids	Cys	–	Plant growth[ 62a ]
		Citric acid	Asp	–	Sn2+ and L‐lys sensing[ 79 ]
		Citric acid	Glu	–	Cancer therapy[ 105 ]
		o‐ phenylenediamine	Tyr	–	Detection of water [ 34b ]
		vine tea	Natural deep eutectic solvents	–	Chemical sensing [ 80 ]
		Citric acid	cyclohexane diamine	–	Chiral‐selected electron transfer[ 81 ]
		N‐methyl‐1,2‐benzenediamine dihydrochloride	L‐Trp	–	Enantiomeric discrimination[ 82 ]
		Citric acid	Cys, Thr or GSH	–	Chiral light[ 83 ]
		Citric acid	Cys	–	Ile sensing[ 84 ]
Postfunctionalized CDs with chiral ligands	Amide bonds	Citric acids	Tyr	1	Electrochemical glucose sensor[ 65 ]
	EDC/NHS	Sucrose	Pro, Phe, or Cys	–	Cell viability[ 66 ]
	EDC/NHS	Graphene sheet	Cys	0.1	Biological activity[ 32 ]
	esterification	graphite	2‐phenyl‐1‐propanol	–	—[ 67 ]
		Citric acid, ethylenediamine	L‐Cys	–	Enantiomeric discrimination[ 85 ]
	—	Cane molasses	Cys	–	Ion sensing[ 86 ]
Self‐assembly methods	CDots		CNCs	glum = ‐0.27; gRTP = ‐0.47;	—[ 38 ]
	CDots		CNCs	glum = ‐0.2;	bioimaging[ 69 ]
	CDots		chiral helical polyacetylene	glum = 0.14 gRTP = 0.012	Imaging[ 87 ]
	CDots		Chiral solvent limonene	–	Imaging[ 88 ]
	CDots		cholesteric liquid crystal	gRTP = 1.09	circularly polarized room‐temperature phosphorescent imaging[ 89 ]

Tyrosine: Pro: Proline; Phe: phenylalanine; Cys: Cysteine; Gln: Glutamine; His: Histidine; Arg: Arginine; Glu: glutamic acid; lum: Luminescence; RTP: room‐temperature phosphorescence; Asp: L‐aspartic acid; Trp: tryptotophan; Thr: Threonine; GSH: Glutathione