Table 2.
Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with constipation (consistency-based) in an obese subgroup
| Obesity (univariate) | Non-obese | Obesity (multivariate) | Non-obese | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 2.081 (1.637, 2.646) | <0.001 | 2.376 (2.023, 2.792) | <0.001 | 1.496 (0.958, 2.336) | 0.076 | 2.373 (1.743, 3.231) | <0.001 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| <45 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥45, <65 | 0.785 (0.610, 1.009) | 0.059 | 0.819 (0.683, 0.982) | 0.031 | 1.039 (0.630, 1.713) | 0.881 | 0.754 (0.526, 1.081) | 0.125 |
| ≥65 | 0.837 (0.625, 1.121) | 0.233 | 0.858 (0.709, 1.039) | 0.117 | 0.779 (0.420, 1.442) | 0.426 | 0.710 (0.467, 1.079) | 0.109 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.767 (1.353, 2.307) | 0.003 | 1.231 (0.998, 1.517) | 0.052 | 1.584 (0.986, 2.544) | 0.057 | 1.079 (0.722, 1.611) | 0.712 |
| Mexican American | 1.242 (0.904, 1.706) | 0.181 | 1.180 (0.957, 1.454) | 0.122 | 0.760 (0.399, 1.445) | 0.402 | 0.852 (0.541, 1.341) | 0.488 |
| Other | 1.463 (1.017, 2.105) | 0.040 | 1.328 (1.062, 1.660) | 0.013 | 1.071 (0.569, 2.016) | 0.832 | 1.187 (0.793, 1.777) | 0.404 |
| Education | ||||||||
| <12th grade | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥High school | 0.565 (0.447, 0.714) | <0.001 | 0.710 (0.608, 0.829) | <0.001 | 0.456 (0.300, 0.694) | <0.001 | 0.731 (0.555, 0.964) | 0.026 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Widowed/divorced | 0.674 (0.514, 0.884) | 0.004 | 0.876 (0.728, 1.053) | 0.158 | 0.829 (0.488, 1.407) | 0.487 | 0.986 (0.683, 1.425) | 0.942 |
| Separated | 0.949 (0.701, 1.285) | 0.735 | 1.116 (0.902, 1.381) | 0.312 | 0.856 (0.478, 1.533) | 0.600 | 1.056 (0.694, 1.607) | 0.799 |
| Income-poverty ratio | ||||||||
| <2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥2 | 0.544 (0.429, 0.689) | <0.001 | 0.792 (0.676, 0.929) | 0.004 | 0.842 (0.558, 1.271) | 0.413 | 0.975 (0.738, 1.289) | 0.859 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| <500 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥500 | 0.822 (0.647, 1.045) | 0.109 | 0.848 (0.719, 0.999) | 0.049 | 1.079 (0.740, 1.572) | 0.694 | 0.995 (0.766, 1.292) | 0.968 |
| Drinking | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.604 (0.482, 0.757) | 0.001 | 0.565 (0.481, 0.663) | <0.001 | 0.850 (0.573, 1.260) | 0.418 | 0.855 (0.642, 1.139) | 0.284 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Current | 0.856 (0.639, 1.146) | 0.296 | 0.781 (0.643, 0.948) | 0.012 | 0.733 (0.439, 1.222) | 0.233 | 1.026 (0.735, 1.432) | 0.881 |
| Former | 0.949 (0.728, 1.235) | 0.695 | 0.683 (0.562, 0.832) | <0.001 | 0.971 (0.633, 1.488) | 0.892 | 0.833 (0.610, 1.137) | 0.249 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.702 (0.561, 0.879) | 0.002 | 0.939 (0.803, 1.098) | 0.429 | 0.505 (0.334, 0.763) | 0.001 | 0.924 (0.690, 1.238) | 0.598 |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.344 (0.969, 1.865) | 0.077 | 1.765 (1.398, 2.230) | <0.001 | 1.070 (0.619, 1.849) | 0.809 | 1.390 (0.933, 2.072) | 0.106 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.958 (0.728, 1.262) | 0.760 | 0.878 (0.682, 1.131) | 0.313 | 0.925 (0.594, 1.441) | 0.730 | 0.807 (0.542, 1.199) | 0.288 |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.108 (0.826, 1.485) | 0.495 | 1.253 (1.011, 1.554) | 0.039 | 0.889 (0.552, 1.431) | 0.628 | 1.371 (0.976, 1.925) | 0.069 |
| COPD | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.127 (0.738, 1.721) | 0.581 | 1.180 (0.844, 1.650) | 0.334 | 0.932 (0.483, 1.797) | 0.834 | 0.794 (0.474, 1.331) | 0.381 |
| Vitamin D deficiency | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.168 (0.925, 1.476) | 0.192 | 1.011 (0.847, 1.207) | 0.905 | 0.738 (0.489, 1.114) | 0.148 | 0.902 (0.652, 1.248) | 0.535 |
| Milk | ||||||||
| Never/rarely | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Occasionally/often | 0.874 (0.691, 1.104) | 0.258 | 1.055 (0.892, 1.246) | 0.532 | 1.365 (0.891, 2.089) | 0.153 | 1.154 (0.864, 1.541) | 0.331 |
| Energy, kcal | ||||||||
| Low (0–1,596) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (1,596–2,257) | 0.702 (0.540, 0.912) | 0.008 | 0.817 (0.683, 0.976) | 0.026 | 1.065 (0.511, 2.220) | 0.866 | 0.689 (0.433, 1.097) | 0.116 |
| High (>2,257) | 0.561 (0.424, 0.742) | <0.001 | 0.559 (0.460, 0.680) | <0.001 | 1.071 (0.339, 3.386) | 0.907 | 0.699 (0.333, 1.469) | 0.345 |
| Protein, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–61.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (61.3–88.4) | 0.632 (0.488, 0.820) | <0.001 | 0.775 (0.648, 0.926) | 0.005 | 1.321 (0.784, 2.226) | 0.296 | 1.077 (0.761, 1.525) | 0.674 |
| High (>88.4) | 0.461 (0.347, 0.612) | <0.001 | 0.544 (0.447, 0.661) | <0.001 | 1.169 (0.540, 2.532) | 0.692 | 1.119 (0.673, 1.862) | 0.665 |
| Carbohydrate, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–195) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (195–277.5) | 0.750 (0.573, 0.982) | 0.036 | 0.866 (0.720, 1.042) | 0.127 | 1.613 (0.818, 3.180) | 0.167 | 1.177 (0.762, 1.819) | 0.462 |
| High (>277.5) | 0.808 (0.618, 1.057) | 0.119 | 0.739 (0.611, 0.893) | 0.002 | 1.747 (0.626, 4.881) | 0.287 | 1.431 (0.752, 2.722) | 0.275 |
| Total sugars, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–78.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (78.4–126.9) | 0.759 (0.577, 0.999) | 0.049 | 1.012 (0.835, 1.226) | 0.903 | 0.667 (0.381, 1.168) | 0.157 | 1.180 (0.815, 1.707) | 0.380 |
| High (>126.9) | 0.939 (0.721, 1.223) | 0.642 | 1.054 (0.873, 1.273) | 0.585 | 1.008 (0.485, 2.098) | 0.982 | 1.812 (1.119, 2.933) | 0.015 |
| Dietary fiber, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–11.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (11.7–18.2) | 0.641 (0.496, 0.828) | <0.001 | 0.768 (0.639, 0.924) | 0.005 | 0.716 (0.459, 1.116) | 0.139 | 0.855 (0.619, 1.182) | 0.342 |
| High (>18.2) | 0.462 (0.344, 0.621) | <0.001 | 0.647 (0.536, 0.781) | <0.001 | 0.454 (0.245, 0.841) | 0.012 | 0.842 (0.568, 1.249) | 0.393 |
| Total fat, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–55.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (55.6–85.5) | 0.655 (0.502, 0.854) | 0.002 | 0.878 (0.735, 1.049) | 0.152 | 0.618 (0.347, 1.099) | 0.101 | 1.111 (0.770, 1.605) | 0.573 |
| High (>85.5) | 0.534 (0.405, 0.703) | <0.001 | 0.588 (0.483, 0.717) | <0.001 | 0.972 (0.447, 2.115) | 0.944 | 0.872 (0.507, 1.502) | 0.622 |
| Cholesterol, mg | ||||||||
| Low (0–176.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (176.5–317.5) | 0.744 (0.572, 0.967) | 0.027 | 0.786 (0.655, 0.943) | 0.009 | 0.735 (0.461, 1.172) | 0.196 | 1.206 (0.878, 1.658) | 0.248 |
| High (>317.5) | 0.564 (0.427, 0.745) | 0.005 | 0.672 (0.555, 0.813) | 0.004 | 0.400 (0.213, 0.750) | 0.004 | 1.134 (0.760, 1.692) | 0.538 |
| Moisture, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–2,101.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (2,101.7–3,042.7) | 0.610 (0.467, 0.796) | <0.001 | 0.728 (0.609, 0.869) | <0.001 | 0.868 (0.550, 1.369) | 0.542 | 0.889 (0.657, 1.202) | 0.443 |
| High (>3,042.7) | 0.530 (0.403, 0.697) | <0.001 | 0.489 (0.401, 0.596) | <0.001 | 0.842 (0.500, 1.420) | 0.519 | 0.572 (0.392, 0.836) | 0.004 |
| Polypharmacy | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.334 (1.007, 1.766) | 0.044 | 1.043 (0.826, 1.319) | 0.722 | 1.669 (1.104, 2.521) | 0.015 | 1.212 (0.879, 1.671) | 0.239 |
| Hypertension drugs | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.920 (0.696, 1.217) | 0.559 | 0.791 (0.641, 0.977) | 0.029 | 0.800 (0.449, 1.424) | 0.447 | 0.680 (0.466, 0.994) | 0.046 |
Adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, income-poverty ratio, physical activity, drinking, smoking, hypertension, depression, diabetes, asthma, COPD, vitamin D deficiency, milk, energy, protein, carbohydrate, total sugars, dietary fiber, total fat, cholesterol, moisture, and polypharmacy.
Significant values are shown in bold (p < 0.05).