Table 3.
Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with constipation (frequency-based) in an obese subgroup
| Obesity (univariate) | Non-obese | Obesity (multivariate) | Non-obese | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | odds ratio | p value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Female | 3.830 (2.547, 5.758) | <0.001 | 3.437 (2.666, 4.431) | <0.001 | 2.684 (1.379, 5.223) | 0.004 | 2.133 (1.308, 3.476) | 0.002 |
| Age, years | ||||||||
| <45 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥45, <65 | 0.676 (0.470, 0.973) | 0.034 | 0.677 (0.520, 0.880) | 0.003 | 0.877 (0.453, 1.698) | 0.696 | 0.504 (0.291, 0.873) | 0.014 |
| ≥65 | 0.693 (0.450, 1.067) | 0.095 | 0.586 (0.436, 0.788) | <0.001 | 0.751 (0.328, 1.721) | 0.498 | 0.314 (0.164, 0.603) | <0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1.648 (1.166, 2.330) | 0.005 | 2.225 (1.717, 2.883) | <0.001 | 1.031 (0.561, 1.898) | 0.921 | 1.399 (0.807, 2.426) | 0.231 |
| Mexican American | 0.333 (0.171, 0.648) | 0.001 | 0.795 (0.557, 1.133) | 0.204 | 0.142 (0.033, 0.616) | 0.009 | 0.792 (0.382, 1.639) | 0.529 |
| Other | 0.568 (0.291, 1.107) | 0.097 | 0.922 (0.634, 1.341) | 0.672 | 0.443 (0.163, 1.203) | 0.110 | 0.702 (0.342, 1.442) | 0.335 |
| Education | ||||||||
| <12th grade | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥High school | 0.593 (0.423, 0.833) | 0.002 | 0.782 (0.625, 0.978) | 0.031 | 0.824 (0.483, 1.406) | 0.477 | 0.854 (0.554, 1.318) | 0.477 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Widowed/divorced | 0.516 (0.353, 0.755) | <0.001 | 0.664 (0.511, 0.862) | 0.002 | 0.818 (0.412, 1.623) | 0.565 | 1.148 (0.652, 2.022) | 0.633 |
| Separated | 0.781 (0.512, 1.192) | 0.252 | 0.969 (0.720, 1.302) | 0.833 | 0.802 (0.380, 1.697) | 0.564 | 1.368 (0.729, 2.567) | 0.329 |
| Income-poverty ratio | ||||||||
| <2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥2 | 0.413 (0.290, 0.587) | <0.001 | 0.565 (0.446, 0.715) | <0.001 | 0.636 (0.362, 1.116) | 0.114 | 0.646 (0.420, 0.995) | 0.047 |
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| <500 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥500 | 0.756 (0.537, 1.064) | 0.108 | 0.801 (0.630, 1.019) | 0.070 | 0.984 (0.594, 1.631) | 0.951 | 0.792 (0.531, 1.181) | 0.251 |
| Drinking | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.546 (0.396, 0.754) | <0.001 | 0.643 (0.508, 0.813) | <0.001 | 0.808 (0.478, 1.368) | 0.428 | 1.055 (0.674, 1.649) | 0.815 |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Never | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Current | 1.320 (0.905, 1.925) | 0.149 | 1.150 (0.885, 1.494) | 0.296 | 1.120 (0.607, 2.065) | 0.716 | 1.079 (0.660, 1.764) | 0.761 |
| Former | 0.771 (0.506, 1.173) | 0.223 | 0.746 (0.556, 1.000) | 0.049 | 0.726 (0.387, 1.361) | 0.317 | 0.734 (0.441, 1.220) | 0.232 |
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.684 (0.494, 0.946) | 0.021 | 1.006 (0.803, 1.261) | 0.956 | 0.569 (0.324, 0.998) | 0.049 | 1.537 (0.962, 2.458) | 0.072 |
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.932 (1.270, 2.939) | 0.002 | 2.658 (1.983, 3.563) | <0.001 | 2.280 (1.240, 4.195) | 0.008 | 1.666 (0.963, 2.882) | 0.067 |
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.118 (0.762, 1.641) | 0.566 | 0.899 (0.623, 1.297) | 0.570 | 1.238 (0.695, 2.205) | 0.468 | 0.774 (0.428, 1.402) | 0.398 |
| Asthma | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.569 (1.068, 2.305) | 0.021 | 1.472 (1.096, 1.977) | 0.010 | 1.626 (0.926, 2.858) | 0.091 | 1.150 (0.673, 1.963) | 0.608 |
| COPD | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.432 (0.816, 2.512) | 0.211 | 1.543 (0.997, 2.389) | 0.051 | 0.546 (0.218, 1.367) | 0.196 | 1.027 (0.506, 2.086) | 0.940 |
| Vitamin D deficiency | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.745 (1.248, 2.441) | 0.001 | 1.514 (1.190, 1.926) | <0.001 | 0.957 (0.556, 1.646) | 0.873 | 0.821 (0.508, 1.328) | 0.422 |
| Milk | ||||||||
| Never/rarely | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Occasionally/often | 0.643 (0.464, 0.893) | 0.008 | 0.717 (0.570, 0.901) | 0.004 | 0.473 (0.286, 0.782) | 0.003 | 0.818 (0.539, 1.241) | 0.343 |
| Energy, kcal | ||||||||
| Low (0–1,596) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (1,596–2,257) | 0.664 (0.450, 0.980) | 0.039 | 0.778 (0.603, 1.004) | 0.053 | 0.318 (0.118, 0.856) | 0.023 | 1.482 (0.745, 2.946) | 0.262 |
| High (>2,257) | 0.681 (0.463, 1.003) | 0.051 | 0.470 (0.351, 0.631) | <0.001 | 0.458 (0.101, 2.067) | 0.309 | 0.932 (0.278, 3.128) | 0.909 |
| Protein, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–61.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (61.3–88.4) | 0.510 (0.346, 0.752) | <0.001 | 0.663 (0.515, 0.854) | 0.001 | 0.954 (0.453, 2.011) | 0.901 | 0.602 (0.352, 1.030) | 0.064 |
| High (>88.4) | 0.470 (0.315, 0.699) | <0.001 | 0.373 (0.276, 0.505) | <0.001 | 1.389 (0.485, 3.977) | 0.539 | 0.787 (0.348, 1.777) | 0.564 |
| Carbohydrate, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–195) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (195–277.5) | 1.256 (0.859, 1.838) | 0.239 | 0.883 (0.685, 1.139) | 0.339 | 2.593 (1.030, 6.531) 0.043 | 1.300 (0.692, 2.443) | 0.414 | |
| High (>277.5) | 0.994 (0.661, 1.494) | 0.976 | 0.502 (0.374, 0.674) | <0.001 | 2.408 (0.574, 10.106) | 0.229 | 1.037 (0.376, 2.861) | 0.943 |
| Total sugars, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–78.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (78.4–126.9) | 0.802 (0.528, 1.217) | 0.299 | 0.905 (0.689, 1.188) | 0.471 | 0.489 (0.227, 1.058) | 0.069 | 0.968 (0.571, 1.642) | 0.905 |
| High (>126.9) | 1.350 (0.930, 1.960) | 0.113 | 0.867 (0.659, 1.139) | 0.304 | 1.175 (0.451, 3.063) | 0.741 | 0.986 (0.476, 2.046) | 0.970 |
| Dietary fiber, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–11.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (11.7–18.2) | 0.918 (0.647, 1.302) | 0.631 | 0.519 (0.400, 0.672) | <0.001 | 0.898 (0.486, 1.661) | 0.732 | 0.657 (0.404, 1.068) | 0.089 |
| High (>18.2) | 0.386 (0.239, 0.621) | <0.001 | 0.288 (0.212, 0.390) | <0.001 | 0.689 (0.287, 1.654) | 0.404 | 0.615 (0.328, 1.150) | 0.127 |
| Total fat, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–55.6) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (55.6–85.5) | 0.802 (0.549, 1.171) | 0.252 | 0.951 (0.736, 1.228) | 0.698 | 1.815 (0.874, 3.770) | 0.109 | 1.184 (0.681, 2.058) | 0.550 |
| High (>85.5) | 0.620 (0.417, 0.923) | 0.018 | 0.613 (0.459, 0.820) | <0.001 | 2.158 (0.707, 6.590) | 0.176 | 1.475 (0.651, 3.345) | 0.351 |
| Cholesterol, mg | ||||||||
| Low (0–176.5) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (176.5–317.5) | 0.607 (0.414, 0.892) | 0.011 | 0.749 (0.577, 0.972) | 0.029 | 0.596 (0.307, 1.160) | 0.127 | 0.971 (0.600, 1.573) | 0.904 |
| High (>317.5) | 0.531 (0.358, 0.787) | 0.001 | 0.593 (0.447, 0.785) | <0.001 | 0.510 (0.220, 1.183) | 0.116 | 0.762 (0.398, 1.458) | 0.411 |
| Moisture, g | ||||||||
| Low (0–2,101.7) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Medium (2,101.7–3,042.7) | 0.501 (0.342, 0.735) | <0.001 | 0.529 (0.409, 0.685) | <0.001 | 0.534 (0.285, 0.999) | 0.049 | 0.669 (0.423, 1.058) | 0.085 |
| High (>3,042.7) | 0.413 (0.276, 0.617) | <0.001 | 0.302 (0.220, 0.413) | <0.001 | 0.591 (0.297, 1.173) | 0.132 | 0.296 (0.152, 0.579) | <0.001 |
| Polypharmacy | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.609 (1.094, 2.366) | 0.015 | 1.404 (1.008, 1.955) | 0.044 | 1.939 (1.115, 3.373) | 0.019 | 1.579 (0.976, 2.554) | 0.062 |
| Hypertension drugs | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 0.865 (0.591, 1.266) | 0.454 | 0.839 (0.615, 1.144) | 0.266 | 0.721 (0.339, 1.535) | 0.396 | 0.632 (0.364, 1.098) | 0.103 |
Adjusted for gender, age, ethnicity, education, marital status, Income-poverty ratio, physical activity, drinking, smoking, hypertension, depression, diabetes, asthma, COPD, vitamin D deficiency, milk, energy, protein, carbohydrate, total sugars, dietary fiber, total fat, cholesterol, moisture, and polypharmacy.
Significant values are shown in bold (p < 0.05).