Table 3. Comparison of clinical characteristics of patients with bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU requiring and not requiring respiratory support escalation (RSE) and patients requiring and not requiring endotracheal intubation (ETI).
Variables | Patients did not require RSE | Patients required RSE | p -Value | Patients did not require ETI | Patients required ETI | p -Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 130 | 34 | 153 | 11 | ||
Clinical characteristics | ||||||
Respiratory support at PICU admission | 0.44 c | 0.39 c | ||||
Room air | 17 (13) a | 7 (20.6) a | 22 (14.4) a | 2 (18.2) a | ||
NC | 51 (39) a | 12 (35) a | 61 (40) a | 2 (18) a | ||
HFNC | 56 (43) a | 15 (44) a | 64 (42) a | 7 (63.6) a | ||
NIPPV | 6 (4.6) a | 0 (0) a | 6 (3.9) a | 0 (0) a | ||
Hours spent in RA | 0 [0, 7.5] b | 0 [0, 9] b | 0.81 d | 0 [0,0] b | 0 [0,0] b | 0.35 d |
Hours spent on NC | 14 [5, 24] b | 12.5 [3, 18] b | 0.28 d | 14 [5, 24] b | 4 [0, 18] b | 0.063 d |
Hours spent on HFNC | 0 [0, 36] b | 23 [7.5, 42] b | 0.008 d | 8 [0, 36] b | 10.5 [1, 34] b | 0.31 d |
Hours spent on NIPPV | 0 [0,0] b | 0 [0, 32.5] b | <0.001 d | 0 [0,0] b | 0 [0, 32] b | 0.011 d |
Viral infection: | ||||||
Respiratory syncytial virus type A | 66 (50.8) a | 14 (41.2) a | 0.32 e | 75 (49) a | 5 (45.5) a | 0.82 e |
Respiratory syncytial virus type B | 6 (4.6) a | 4 (11.8) a | 0.12 e | 7 (4.6) a | 3 (27.3) a | 0.002 e |
Influenza A and B | 0 (0) a | 0 (0) a | 0 (0) a | 0 (0) a | ||
Parainfluenza 1, 2 and 3 | 3 (2.3) a | 0 (0) a | 0.99 c | 3 (2) a | 0 (0) a | 0.99 c |
Human metapneumovirus | 3 (2.3) a | 1 (2.9) a | 0.99 c | 4 (2.6) a | 0 (0) a | 0.99 c |
Rhinovirus | 16 (12.3) a | 8 (23.5) a | 0.099 e | 20 (13.1) a | 4 (36.4) a | 0.035 e |
Adenovirus | 1 (0.77) a | 3 (8) a | 0.19 c | 3 (2) a | 1 (9.1) a | 0.99 c |
Medications | ||||||
Albuterol | 56 (43.1) a | 14 (41.2) a | 0.84 e | 63 (41.2) a | 7 (63.6) a | 0.15 e |
Hypertonic saline | 6 (4.6) a | 2 (5.9) a | 0.76 e | 7 (4.6) a | 1 (9.1) a | 0.24 e |
Racemic epinephrine | 33 (24.6) a | 12 (35.3) a | 0.25 e | 39 (25.5) a | 6 (54.5) a | 0.037 e |
Steroids | 32 (24.6) a | 10 (29.4) a | 0.57 e | 37 (24.2) a | 5 (45.5) a | 0.12 e |
Antibiotics | ||||||
• Rule out sepsis | 14 (10.8) a | 8 (23.5) a | 0.052 e | 16 (10.5) a | 6 (54.5) a | <0.001 e |
• Secondary pneumonia | 15 (11.5) a | 7 (20.6) a | 0.17 d | 18 (11.8) a | 4 (36.4) a | 0.021 d |
• Bacteremia | 0 (0) a | 1 (2.9) a | 0.21 e | 1 (0.65) a | 0 (0) a | 0.99 e |
• Acute otitis media | 14 (10.8) a | 0 (0) a | 0.045 d | 14 (9.2) a | 0 (0) a | 0.29 d |
Abbreviations: HFNC, high flow nasal cannula; NC, nasal cannula oxygen therapy; NIPPV, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation; PICU, pediatric intensive care unit; RA, room air.
Number of patients (percentage.
Median [Inter-quartile range].
Fisher's Exact test.
Kruskal-Wallis test.
Pearson's Chi-square test.