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. 2024 Apr 3;166(1):166. doi: 10.1007/s00701-024-06037-7

Table 3.

Results of the cognitive tests on group level by cognitive domain; n = Number of patients who completed the test, as some tests were not completed in all patients due to fatigue or paresis (TMT) * = p ≤ 0.05, significantly lower compared to healthy controls

Domain Test n Subtest Mean (z-score)
Verbal memory Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) [3] 19 Direct recall -1.64*
Delayed recall -1.63*
Recognition: true positives -0.84*
Recognition: false positives -0.52
Attention and executive functioning Trail Making Test (TMT) [38] 18 A -1.40*
B -1.59*
B/A -0.98*
Language Boston Naming Test (BNT) [19] 20 -1.37*
Shortened Token Test (TT) [8] 20 -0.57
Verbal Fluency [23, 33] 18 Category: Animals -1.11*
Category: Professions -1.32*
Letter -0.43
Diagnostic Instrument Mild Aphasia (DIMA) [32] 19 Repetition -1.04
Semantic out-picture-out -0.62
Sentence completion -0.18