Table 2.

Overview of the three dimensional intestinal in vitro models with epithelium and lamina propria compartments

Epithelial layer	Lamina Propria layer	Scaffold	Barrier competency			Reference
			Permeability	TEER	TEER compared to native small intestine
Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells	Human primary embryonic fibroblasts Human THP-1 derived macrophages	Rat tail collagen	*app. 11 × 10–6 cm/s c: app. 4.5 × 10–6 cm/s	app. 500 Ω*cm2 c: app. 2000 Ω*cm2	↑	[7]
Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells	Human CCD-18co intestinal myofibroblasts	Matrigel	NS	app. 250 Ω*cm2 c: app. 1750 Ω*cm2	↑	[8]
Human primary ileum organoids	Human primary ileum fibroblasts	Collagen coated plates	NS	70–200 Ω*cm2 c: NS	→	[9]
Human primary intestinal organoids	Human CC-2902 intestinal myofibroblasts	Collagen coated plates	NS	NS	NS	[10]
Caco-2 cells	Human CCD-18co intestinal myofibroblasts or human neonatal dermal fibroblasts	Alvetex® scaffold	+app. 2.5 × 10–6 cm/s c: app. 0.5 × 10–6 cm/s	50–200 Ω*cm2 c: app. 2000 Ω*cm2	→	[11]
Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells	Human primary intestinal fibroblasts	Rat tail collagen	*app. 2.4 × 10–6 cm/s c: < 0.5 × 10–7 cm/s	app. 200 Ω*cm2 c: app. 700 Ω*cm2	↑	[12]
Caco-2 cells	3T3 mouse embryonic fibroblasts	Rat tail collagen type 1	+1.84 ± 0.20 × 10–7 cm/s c: 6.47 ± 1.59 × 10–8 cm/s	app. 1000 Ω*cm2 c: app. 2200 Ω*cm2	↑	[13]

TEER of small intestine (in vivo): 50–100Ωcm² [73]. Models of [9] and [10] were maintained at the air–liquid interface after 4 days submerged, the rest of the models were submerged. All models were cultured on porous transwell membranes

c Control, * Fluorescein, + Lucifer yellow ↑ Higher, → Similar, NS not studied