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. 2024 Apr 2;14:7785. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-58101-y

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of the anthropogenic pressures and diseases affecting Savalia savaglia: (a) a huge amount of marine litter bending or completely covering the colonies; (b) a plastic bottle covered by an encrusting colony; (c) a large colony entangled in a nylon line overgrown by the sponge Dysidea sp.; (d) another entangled colony overgrown by Aplysina sp.; (e,f) a colony affected by necrosis resulting in a mass of mucous white–gray substance with the apical portions of the branches re-arranged in spherical inflated structure; (g) naked branched and (h-i) a large dead portion of colony; (j) a completely dead colony covered by several epibionts. Scale bars: (a–e) 6 cm; (f,g) 1 cm; (h–j) 15 cm.