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. 2024 Apr 3;9:78. doi: 10.1038/s41392-024-01780-w

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Current approaches to manufacture rAAV. Currently, two main platforms are used for rAAV manufacturing: transfection- and viral infection-based approaches. Plasmid transient transfection of HEK293 cells remains the most widely used method, while stable cell lines, baculovirus (BV) systems, and the HSV type I system offer scalable alternatives for large-scale production. The transfection-free helper virus system TESSA has been developed to produce high-yield rAAVs. Pharmaceutically inducible all-in-one producer cell lines may represent the next generation’s optimal manufacturing platform for rAAV-based drugs. BHK baby hamster kidney. Figure created with Biorender.com