Figure 2.

Non-standardized 3D culture matrices and culture-medium components. The use of animal-derived ECMs for organoid culture faces significant challenges due to batch-to-batch variability and the risk of contamination from xenogenic sources. Moreover, these matrices possess poor tunability and intricate, undefined compositions, resulting in limited control over their properties. This ultimately hampers the use of organoids in the cancer research era. The utilization of ill-defined and heterogeneous conditioned medium and serum from animals in organoid culture causes unpredictable effects on organoid phenotype.