TABLE 1.
Microalgal species for astaxanthin production.
| Microalgal species | Source | Biomass yield (g/L) | Astaxanthin content or astaxanthin yield | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H. lacustris | Obtained from the Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark | ∼4.8 g L-1 | 2.7% of biomass (dry weight) | Wang et al. (2013) |
| H. lacustris | Obtained from Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China | ∼1.38 g L-1 | 21.5 mg g-1 | Zhao et al. (2019b) |
| Chlorococcum sp | Isolated from flora collected from the rocky wall of Taiping Mountain, Hong Kong | NA a | 23.2% of total carotenoids | Yuan et al. (2002) |
| Tetraselmis sp | Obtained from Algaetech Ltd., Malaysia | NA | ∼5.0 mg L-1 | Raman and Mohamad (2012) |
| C. zofingiensis | Obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, Maryland, United States | ∼8–10 g L-1 | ∼8.5–10.5 mg L-1 | Chen et al. (2009) |
| Chlorococcum sp | Selected from the preserved algae | ∼20 g L-1 | 1.77 mg g-1 dry weight | Zhang and Lee (2001) |
| C. zofingiensis | Obtained from the Culture Collection of Algae at University of Texas, Texas, United States | 0.62 g L-1 | 6.02 mg g-1 dry biomass | Pelah et al. (2004) |
| H. lacustris | NA | 945 mg L-1 | 32.74 mg g-1 | Christian et al. (2018) |
| C. sorokiniana | Obtained from Algaetech Ltd., Malaysia | NA | ∼9.8 mg L-1 | Raman and Mohamad (2012) |
| C. zofingiensis | Purchased from the Culture Collection of Algae at University of Texas, Texas, United States | 7.5 g L-1 | 4.89 mg g-1 dry weight | Liu et al. (2016) |
| Scenedesmus acutus | Obtained from Iranian National Center of Genetic Resources, Iran | 452 × 10 cells mL-1 | 9.4 ng cell-1 | Khalili et al. (2019) |
| Oedocladium carolinianum | Obtained from the Freshwater Algae Culture Collection of the Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China | 4.10 g L-1 | 3.91% dwt | Wang et al. (2022) |
| C. sorokiniana | Obtained from Iranian National Center of Genetic Resources, Iran | 265 × 10 cells mL-1 | 31 ng cell-1 | Khalili et al. (2019) |
| Monoraphidium sp | Isolated from a freshwater environment at Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Malaysia | NA | 0.476 μg mL-1 | Kaha et al. (2021) |
| Coelastrum sp | Isolated from water samples collected from a freshwater environment at Kuala Selangor Nature Park, Malaysia | NA | 0.999 μg mL-1 | Kaha et al. (2021) |
| Bracteacoccus aggregatus | Isolated from the White Sea coastal zone, Russia | 100–200 mg L-1 day-1 | 48% of total carotenoids | Chekanov et al. (2021) |
| Coelastrella rubescens | Obtained from the collection of microalgae of the Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia | ∼0.78 g L-1 | 26.21% of total carotenoids (Astaxanthin FA monoesters: 18.26%; Astaxanthin FA diesters: 7.95%) | Minyuk et al. (2017) |
| Synechocystis sp | Genetically engineered (China) | NA | 29.6 mg g-1 (dry cell weight) | Diao et al. (2020) |
| Synechocystis sp | Genetically engineered (China) | 5.92 g L-1 | 4.81 mg g-1 (dry weight) | Liu et al. (2019) |
| Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | Genetically engineered (China) | 0.62 g L-1 | 94.9 fg cell-1 | Perozeni et al. (2020) |
a
NA means not available.