Table 2.
Characteristics of included meta-analyses.
| Studies characteristics | Results | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Nb of studies | Type | Design | Total nb of subjects | Target population | Intervention | Control | RS dose range (g/d) | Study duration range (weeks) | RS type | Outcomes | |
| (59) | 14 | RCT | // or CO | 515 | T2DM or obesity w/o T2DM | RS supplementation | non-RS supplementation | 4–6 | 4–52 | Any | fasting insulin, fasting glucose, BMI and HOMA-IR; | ↓ FPG in T2DM + OB; ↓ FPI in T2DM + OB; = FPI in T2DM; = BMI in T2DM; ↓ HOMA-IR in T2DM + OB; = HOMA-IR in T2DM |
| (61) | 19 | RCT | // or CO | 1,014 | Any | RS supp or intervention | intake of digestible starches or other CHOs | 8–34 | 3–48 | Any (mostly RS2) | glycemic status, serum lipoproteins and inflammatory markers | ↓ FPG; ↓ FPI; = HOMA-IR; ↓ HbA1c; ↓TC; ↓ LDL; = HDL; = TAG; = IL-6; ↓ TNF-α; = CRP |
| (64) | 31 | RCT | Any | 982 | T2DM or prediabetes; no other chronic conditions | Resistant starch type 1–5, starch-containing foods | Starch ot other carbohydrates | 1–45 | 0–52 | Any | Markers of glycemia | ↓ PPG; = PPI; ↓ FPG; ↓ FPI |
| (66) | 22 | RCT | Any | 670 | Healthy or MetS or T2DM | Resistant starch type 2 | Any | 8–66 | 1–12 | RS2 (mostly high amylose maize starch) | fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin resistance, appetite/satiety levels, lipid levels or body weight | = FPG, ↓ body weight; = HOMA-IR; = HbA1c; = TC; = LDL; = HDL; = TAG |
| (70) | 15 | RCT | Any | 503 | Any | resistant starch supplementation (excluding type 1) | Any | 5,1–66 | 2–12 | Any (mostly RS2) | blood glucose or insulin | ↓ FPG; = FPI; = HbA1c; |
| (68) | 13 | RCT | Any | 428 | Overweight / Obesity | RS | Any | 10–45 | 2–12 | Any | fasting glucose or fasting insulin or plasma lipid or insulin sensitivity or insulin resistance | ↓ FPG; ↓ FPI; = HOMA-IR; ↓ HbA1c; = TC; ↓ LDL; = HDL; = TAG |
| (71) | 14 | RCT | Any | 820 | Adults, healthy or not,no lipid-lowering medication | RS | placebo without the functions of DF or diets low in resistant starch | 10–66 | 2–52 | Any (mostly RS2) | TC, LDL-C, TGs, HDL | ↓ TC; ↓ LDL; = HDL; =TAG |
| (60) | 8 | RCT | Any | 308 | Any but inflammatory diseases | RS2 | Placebo | 10–45 | 4–12 | RS2 (Hi-maize 260) | IL-6, hs-CRP, TNF-a as outcomes | = IL-6; = TNF-α; = CRP |
| (63) | 16 | RCT | Any | 706 | Any | RS alone | Any | 6–27 | 4–12 | RS2 | Inflammatory or oxidative stress biomarkers | ↓ IL-6 in non-T2DM; ↓ TNF-α in non-T2DM; ↓ CRP in T2DM; = uric acid; ↑ TAC; ↑ SOD; ↓ MDA |
| (67) | 13 | RCT | Any | 672 | Adults, healthy or not | Resistant Starch (“resistant maltodextrin,” “resistant dextrin,” “indigestible starch,” “high amylose starch”) | Any but RS | 10–45 | 4–14 | Any (mostly RS2) | IL-6, CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α | ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α; = CRP |
| (69) | 16 | RCT | Any | 739 | Adults | RS | Any | Any | 2–12 | Any | IL-6, CRP, hs-CRP and TNF-α | ↓ IL-6; ↓ TNF-α; = CRP; ↑ TAC; = SOD; = MDA |
| (65) | 9 | RCT | Any | 193 | Healthy adults | RS | Any | 22–45 (avg 33) | 1–4 | RS2, RS3 and RS4 | butyrate concentration, defecate frequency, fecal wet weight, fecal PH | ↑ stool volume; = stool frequency; ↑ butyrate levels; ↓ fecal pH |
| (57) | 7 | Any | Any | 248 | Any | RS | Baseline | Any | NA | Any | microbial diversity, bacterial counts | ↓ gut microbial α-diversity; ↑ counts of Ruminococcus, Agathobacter, Faecalibacterium and Bifidobacterium |
| (72) | 29 | RCT | SB or DB | 1,208 | Healthy adults | RMD | Any w/o RMD | 3,8-13,5 | 1–3 | RMD | stool frequency and stool volume | ↑ stool volume; ↑ stool frequency |
| (73) | 20 | RCT | Any | Colorectal cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), Lynch syndrome (LS), sporadic adenoma (SA) and healthy subjects | RS/inulin with or without other drugs | Digestible carbohydrate or low-dose NDC | 10–60 | 4–116 | Any | SCFA production | = SCFAs; = butyrate | |
BMI, body mass index; CRP, c-reactive protein; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; FPI, fasting plasma insulin; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoproteins cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; IL-6, interleukin 6; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; MDA, malondialdehyde; PPG, postprandial glucose; PPI, postprandial insulin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TAG, triacylglycerol; TC, total cholesterol; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; ↓: significantly decreased vs. control; ↑ significantly increased vs control.