TABLE 3.

Overview of polymeric MN manufacturing processes.

Manufacturing process		Advantages	Disadvantages	Ref.
Micro-moulding	Centrifugation-filling	Cost-effective	Excess formula solution needs to be removed from the mould surface and wasted	[130, 131]
		Short centrifugal cycle	Risk of variation in each batch
			More suitable for laboratory research
	Vacuum-filling	Filling and drying steps can be combined	Excess formula solution also needs to be removed from the mould surface and disposed of	[132, 133]
		Cost-effective	Drug loading capacity
		Easy to scale batch output
Lithography	3D printing	Reduce waste and rapid prototyping	Layer-by-layer printing may affect mechanical strength	[134, 135]
		Very precise geometries	High-resolution instruments are expensive
	Centrifugal lithography	Reproducibly produced	Available materials and API are limited	[136, 137]
		Suitable for fabricating MNs loaded with fragile biological drugs	Not ideal for industrial production