Table 9.

Supply chain sustainability improvement recommendations.

Cluster	KA	Description	Proposed recommendations	Actors
raw material provision	7	The implementation of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) for improving land management efficiency in plantations.	•Exploration of a program for guaranteeing fertilizer supply for small-scale sugarcane farmers (TR) involving relevant stakeholders and providing training on sugarcane cultivation techniques based on best practices.	Government, local government, farmers' cooperative organization and farmers association
	8	Expansion of sugarcane plantation areas through cooperation schemes/land use permits.•
	28	Government support in the multiplication and dissemination of superior variety seedlings.	•Collaboration with government research institutions as well as industry research and development (R&D) institutions in conducting research on superior sugarcane varieties.	Government, research institution, and sugar mill
	28	Government support in the multiplication and dissemination of superior variety seedlings.	•Proposal to the government for a program to introduce new varieties on a larger scale.	Research institution
	30	Financial assistance schemes for ratoon removal and new planting activities.
	31	Collaboration with research institutions for the provision of superior seedlings.
Harvesting and post-harvest activities	22	Provision of assistance to farmers regarding the fulfillment of sugarcane quality standards.	•Mapping the potential sugarcane supply sources that do not meet quality standards. •Providing incentives to farmers who have early-maturing varieties to support early milling process at sugar mills. •Good harvesting management to minimize the time gap from harvesting to milling.	Sugar mill
	17	Availability of cooperation agreements between farmers and companies, which include the Sugarcane Purchase System	•Sugarcane quality improvement through coordination and mentoring of harvesting management in identified supply sources.	Sugar mill, farmers association and smallholder
			•Diperlukan kajian tentang model kerja sama pabrik gula dan Petani yang saling menguntungkan. Perlu kajian pada sistem beli putus atau bagi hasil. •Exploring mutually beneficial collaboration models between sugar mills and farmers. A study must be conducted to decide on a new contract detail: contract or direct selling.	Research institution, university, sugar mill, smallholder, and government
Production process optimization	9	Adaptation of an advanced process technology for raw sugar processing.	•Proposing the acquisition of raw sugar raw materials based on processing capacity.	Sugar mill
	12	Periodical evaluation of sugar factory development and revitalization plans.	•Developing a roadmap for the revitalization of sugar mills plan (short-term, medium-term, and long-term).	Sugar mill and government
	18	Minimizing the use of fossil fuels or non-renewable energy sources.	•Innovation and adoption of technologies to enhance sugar production yield. •Optimal utilization of by-products such as bagasse and molasses.	Sugar mill
	18A	Increasing self-sufficiency in the use of renewable energy.
	19	Adoption of more efficient production technologies
IT-based technology implementation	3	Development of a blockchain system for transaction transparency in the supply chain.	•Development and implementation of a blockchain system that enables and ensures transparency of transactions, information transparency, supervision, and traceability of data and production efficiency to enhance trust among actors in the supply chain.	University, Research institution, Government, Sugar mill
	11	Adoption of adaptive technologies to business development.	•Pengembangan roadmap adopsi teknologi dalam rangka peningkatan kuantitas dan kualitas bahan baku tebu •Implementasi teknologi untuk sistem pengukuran rendemen tebu petani secara transparan dan memperkirakan gula yang dihasilkan. •Formulate a technology adoption roadmap to increase the quantity and quality of sugarcane raw materials. •Implementation of technology for transparent measurement of farmers' sugarcane yield and estimation of the sugar produced.	Sugar mill, government, and research institution.
	26	The implementation of an IT-based system for monitoring performance
Institutional aspect	1	Stakeholder requirement analysis	•Strengthening research and development (R&D) institutions through synergies with government research institutions as well as industry research and development.	Research institution
	2	Information transparency regarding risks and added value for all stakeholders.	•Strengthening the institutional framework of farmer partnerships as a functional platform for expressing aspirations and communication.	Farmer Association, Farmer's cooperation organization, Government
	4	Coordination and collaboration among stakeholder	•Developing supportive programs for farmers to strengthen collaboration on a broader scale, including initiatives related to financial institutions and agricultural infrastructure providers.	Local government
	16	Strengthening the functions and roles of cooperatives and farmers' associations as supporting institutions.	•Strengthening the functions of the Primary Sugarcane Farmers' Cooperative Center (PKPTR) to enhance the role of cooperative unions	Farmers cooperative organization