Table 1.
Characteristics of participants and ulcers.
| First ever foot ulcers (n = 48) | Recurrent foot ulcers (n = 25) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (A) Characteristics of participants | |||
| Age (years) | 57.1 ± 8.6 | 53.6 ± 12.1 | 0.16a |
| Sex | 0.63b | ||
| Male | 24 (50.0) | 11 (44.0) | |
| Female | 24 (50.0) | 14 (56.0) | |
| Body mass index | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 23.7 ± 3.7 | 0.55a |
| Educational background | 0.04b | ||
| Elementary school | 19 (39.6) | 4 (16.0) | |
| Junior high school | 3 (6.3) | 4 (16.0) | |
| Senior high school | 16 (33.3) | 9 (36.0) | |
| Diploma | 6 (12.5) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Undergraduate | 4 (8.3) | 7 (28.0) | |
| Monthly income (million IDR/USD)d | 0.03b | ||
| 1−2/71.24−142.48 | 5 (10.4) | 5 (20.0) | |
| >2−3/>142.48−213.73 | 21 (43.8) | 6 (24.0) | |
| >3−4/>213.73−284.97 | 13 (27.1) | 2 (8.0) | |
| >4−5/>284.97−356.21 | 8 (16.7) | 11 (44.0) | |
| >5/>356.21 | 1 (2.1) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 8.8 ± 7.6 | 10.3 ± 5.9 | 0.39a |
| Regular consultation for diabetes | 0.02b | ||
| Yes | 32 (66.7) | 23 (92.0) | |
| No | 16 (33.3) | 2 (8.0) | |
| HbA1c (%) | 12.0 ± 1.9 | 12.2 ± 2.0 | 0.59a |
| Blood glucose levels (mg/dL) | 303.6 ± 106.0 | 309.6 ± 126.0 | 0.82a |
| Monofilament test | 0.57b | ||
| Normal | 32 (66.7) | 15 (60.0) | |
| Abnormal | 16 (33.3) | 10 (40.0) | |
| Ankle brachial pressure index | 1.03 ± 0.19 | 0.97 ± 0.17 | 0.17a |
| (B) Characteristics of ulcers | |||
| Wound site | 0.62b | ||
| Toes | 10 (20.8) | 7 (28.0) | |
| Dorsal | 4 (8.3) | 4 (16.0) | |
| Ankle | 2 (4.2) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Heel | 1 (2.1) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Plantar region | 20 (41.7) | 10 (40.0) | |
| Whole foot | 11 (22.9) | 3 (12.0) | |
| Cause of the diabetic foot ulcer | 0.59b | ||
| Trauma | 46 (95.8) | 25 (100.0) | |
| Callus | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Postoperation | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Systemic treatment | |||
| Antibiotic | 30 (62.5) | 12 (48.0) | 0.23b |
| Antithrombotic agent | 1 (2.1) | 2 (8.0) | 0.27c |
| Analgesic | 16 (33.3) | 4 (16.0) | 0.17c |
| Vitamin | 6 (12.5) | 1 (4.0) | 0.41c |
| Topical therapy | |||
| Sharp debridement | 28 (58.3) | 5 (20.0) | 0.003c |
| Modern dressing | 29 (60.4) | 23 (92.0) | 0.006c |
| Complementary dressing | 21 (43.8) | 2 (8.0) | 0.002c |
| DMIST score | |||
| Depth | 3.2 ± 1.3 | 2.4 ± 1.3 | 0.02a |
| Maceration | 1.0 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.6 | 0.02a |
| Inflammation/infection | 1.8 ± 1.1 | 0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.001a |
| Size | 4.4 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 2.1 | 0.02a |
| Tissue type of wound bed | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 0.15a |
| Type of wound edge | 1.1 ± 0.3 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.012a |
| Tunneling or undermining | 0.0 ± 0.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.47a |
| Total | 13.4 ± 4.7 | 10.2 ± 3.8 | 0.006a |
| DMIST item frequency | |||
| Depth | 0.07b | ||
| 0: Intact | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1: Superficial layer/epidermis | 4 (8.3) | 4 (16.0) | |
| 2: Subcutaneous/dermis to fatty tissue | 16 (33.3) | 15 (60.0) | |
| 3: Tendons | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 4: Fascia tissue and/or muscle | 19 (39.6) | 3 (12.0) | |
| 5: Bones | 8 (16.7) | 3 (12.0) | |
| Maceration | 0.28b | ||
| 0: None | 9 (18.8) | 9 (36.0) | |
| 1: Slight: only at wound edge | 32 (66.7) | 14 (56.0) | |
| 2. Moderate: surrounding skin | 4 (8.3) | 2 (8.0) | |
| 3: Heavy: beyond surrounding skin | 3 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Inflammation/infection | 0.002b | ||
| 0: None | 2 (4.2) | 8 (32.0) | |
| 1: Signs of inflammation | 22 (45.8) | 12 (48.0) | |
| 2: Signs of local infection | 17 (35.4) | 4 (16.0) | |
| 3: Osteomyelitis | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 4: Osteomyelitis and signs of local infection | 7 (14.6) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 5: Systemic infection | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Size (cm2) | 0.13b | ||
| 0: Intact | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1: ≤1 | 3 (6.3) | 6 (24.0) | |
| 2: <1 − ≤4 | 7 (14.6) | 8 (32.0) | |
| 3: <4 − ≤9 | 13 (27.1) | 2 (8.0) | |
| 4: <9 − ≤16 | 9 (18.8) | 5 (20.0) | |
| 5: <16 − ≤25 | 2 (4.2) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 6: <25 − ≤36 | 3 (6.3) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 7: <36 − ≤49 | 2 (4.2) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 8: <49 − ≤64 | 3 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 9: >64 | 6 (12.5) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Tissue type of wound bed | 0.35b | ||
| 0: Intact | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1: Granulation tissue or granulation cannot be assessed because the wound is healed or too shallow | 14 (29.2) | 11 (44.0) | |
| 2: White, yellow, and/or gray necrotic tissue | 29 (60.4) | 13 (52.0) | |
| 3: Black necrotic tissue | 5 (10.4) | 1 (4.0) | |
| 4: Gangrene | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Type of wound edge | 0.014b | ||
| 0: Complete epithelialization | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 1: No special feature/too shallow to assess | 43 (89.6) | 15 (60.0) | |
| 2: Hyperkeratosis/lining/epibole | 5 (10.4) | 7 (28.0) | |
| 3: Red ring | 0 (0.0) | 2 (8.0) | |
| 4: Ill‐defined or unable to assess due to infection etc. | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.0) | |
| Tunneling or undermining (cm) | 0.47b | ||
| 0: None | 47 (97.9) | 25 (100.0) | |
| 1: ≤2 | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 2: <2 − ≤4 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 3: <4 − ≤8 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| 4: >8 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Mean ± standard deviation or n (%), a t‐test, b χ 2 test, cFisher's exact test, dAs of February 1, 2021, 1 USD was converted to 14,036.7 IDR. 8