Table 3.

Results for the measurement invariance of the Hogg Eco-Anxiety Scale (HEAS-13) across gender

Model	CFI	RMSEA (90% CI)	∆CFI	∆RMSEA
Gender-Based ESEM Results
Female	0.999	0.009 (0.000–0.050)
Male	0.968	0.073 (0.040–0.104)
Multiple group ESEM models
Model A: Configural invariance	0.987	0.045 (0.016–0.066)
Model B: Metric invariance	0.982	0.042 (0.020–0.060)	−0.005	−0.003
Model C: Scalar invariance	0.981	0.041 (0.018–0.068)	−0.001	−0.001

CFI, robust comparative fit index; ESEM, exploratory structural equation modeling; RMSEA, robust root mean square error of approximation.