. 2024 Mar 19;10:e52322. doi: 10.2196/52322

Table 1.

Details of the included studies (n=42).

Study	Country, year	Data type; number of data	Population	Cancer symptoms	Significant predictors	Algorithms	Validation methods
Sun et al [20]	China, 2023	Clinical data; 1152	People with breast cancer	Pain	Postmenopausal status, urban medical insurance, history of at least 1one operation, underwent general anesthesia with fentanyl and sevoflurane, and received axillary lymph node dissection.	LR^a,b, RF^c, GBDT^d, and XGB^e	Random
Xinran et al [21]	China, 2023	Clinical data; 494	People with advanced cancer	Cognitive impairment	Cancer course, anxiety, and age	LR and ANN^f	Random
Shaikh et al [22]	United States, 2023	Clinical data; 1152	Survivors of cancer with osteoarthritis	Depression	Age, education, care fragmentation, polypharmacy, and zip code–level poverty	XGB	10-fold CV^g
Kober et al [23]	United States, 2023	Clinical data; 1217	People with cancer receiving chemotherapy	Morning fatigue	13 individual Li-Fraumeni syndrome items	EN^h, RF, LASSOⁱ, LR (filtered/unfiltered), RPAR^j, and SVM^k	Random
Du et al [24]	China, 2023	Clinical data; 565	People with cancer	Fatigue	Pain score, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score, platelet distribution width, and continuous erythropoiesis receptor activator	LR, RF, NB^l, and XGB	5-fold CV
Moscato et al [25]	Italy, 2022	Clinical data; 21	People with cancer	Pain	N/A^m	SVM, RF, MPⁿ, LR, and AdaBoost^o	10-fold CV
Masukawa et al [26]	Japan, 2022	Clinical data; 808	People with cancer	Social distress, spiritual pain, pain, dyspnea, nausea, and insomnia	N/A	LR, RF, light GBM^p, SVM, and ensemble	5-fold CV
Fanizzi et al [27]	Italy, 2022	CT^q image data; 61	People with oropharyngeal cancer receiving radiotherapy	Xerostomia	Weight preradiotherapy, induction chemotherapy, sex, platinum-based chemotherapy, current chemotherapy, alcohol history, age at diagnosis, smoking history, surgery, clinical tumor, and clinical node	SVM and CNN^r	10-fold CV
Ueno et al [28]	Japan, 2022	Clinical data; 284	People with breast cancer	Insomnia	General fatigue, physical fatigue, and cognitive fatigue	L2 penalized LR and XGB	8-fold CV
On et al [29]	Korea, 2022	Clinical data; 935	People with cancer receiving chemotherapy	Nausea-vomiting, fatigue-anorexia, diarrhea, hypersensitivity, stomatitis, hand-foot syndrome, peripheral neuropathy, and constipation	Earlier history of adverse drug reaction, comorbidity, cancer site and type of chemotherapy, demographics, and antineoplastic therapy–related features	LR, DT^s, and ANN	3-fold CV
Li et al [30]	China, 2022	Clinical data and CT image data; 365	People with cancer receiving radiotherapy	Xerostomia	Hypertension, age, total radiotherapy dose, dose at 50% of the left parotid volume, mean dose to right parotid gland, mean dose to oral cavity, and course of induction chemotherapy	RF, DT and XGB	External validation
Kurisu et al [31]	Japan, 2022	Clinical data; 668	People with advanced cancer receiving pharmacological interventions	Delirium	The baseline Delirium Rating Scale-R98 severity score (cutoff of 15), hypoxia, and dehydration	DT	5-fold CV
Guo et al [32]	China, 2022	Clinical data; 80	People with lung cancer receiving chemotherapy	Lung infection	Age ≥60 years, length of stay ≥14 days, surgery history, combined chemotherapy, myelosuppression, diabetes, and hormone application	LR and ANN	Random
Baglione et al [33]	United States, 2022	Clinical data; 40	People with breast cancer	Depressed mood and anxiety	Connectedness, receive support, frequency and duration use of mobile app, and physical pain	RF and XGB	LOOCV^t
Chao et al [34]	United States, 2022	Clinical data and CT image data; 155	People with HNC^u receiving radiotherapy	Xerostomia	N/A	SVM, KNN^v, NB, and RF	Nested
Wakabayashi et al [35]	Japan, 2021	Clinical data and CT image data; 69	People with cancer receiving radiotherapy	Pain	Age, numeric rating scale, and biological effective dose 10	RF	LOOCV
Zhou et al [36]	China, 2021	Clinical data; 386	People with colorectal cancer after chemotherapy	Cognitive impairment	Age, BMI, colostomy, treatment complications, cancer-related anemia, depression, diabetes, Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 score, exercise, hypercholesterolemia, diet, marital status, education level, and pathological stage	RF, LR, and SVM	Random
Xuyi et al [37]	Canada, 2021	Clinical data; 46,104	Specific cancer site or treatment not mentioned	Pain, depression, and well-being	Lung cancer, late-stage cancer, existing chronic conditions such as osteoarthritis, mood disorder, hypertension, diabetes, and coronary disease	ANN	Random
Xu et al [38]	China, 2021	Clinical data; 598	People with gastrointestinal tumors after surgery	Postoperative fatigue	Age, higher degree of education, lower personal monthly income, advanced cancer, hypoproteinemia, preoperative anxiety or depression, and limited social support	LR, ANN, CART^w	Random
Wei et al [39]	China, 2021	Clinical data; 533	People with breast cancer	Lymphedema	N/A	ANN, LR, C5.0, RF, SVM, CART	10-fold CV
Wang et al [40]	United States, 2021	Clinical data; 823	People with HNC	Pain, taste, and general activity	N/A	SVM, KNN, and RF; Gaussian NB and MLP^x; and ARIMA^y and LSTM^z	Random
Wang et al [41]	United States, 2021	Clinical data and CT image data; 138	Specific cancer site or treatment not mentioned	Depression	N/A	Fine tree, medium tree, coarse tree, linear-discriminant, quadratic discriminant, LR, Gaussian NB, kernel NB, linear SVM, quadratic SVM, cubic SVM, Fine Gaussian SVM, Medium Gaussian SVM, Coarse Gaussian SVM, Fine KNN, Medium KNN, Coarse KNN, Cosine KNN, Cubic KNN, Weighted KNN, boosted trees, bagged trees, subspace discriminant, subspace KNN, and random undersampling boosted trees	5-fold CV
Mosa et al [17]	United States, 2021	Clinical data; 6124	People with cancer receiving chemotherapy	Nausea-vomiting	Smoking, alcohol status, sex, age, and BMI	NB, LR, ANN, SVR^aa, and DT	10-fold CV
Low et al [42]	United States, 2021	Clinical data; 44	People with pancreatic cancer after surgery	Diarrhea, fatigue, and pain	Physical activity bouts, sleep, heart rate, and location	LR, KNN, SVM, RF, GB^ab, XGB, and LightGBM	3-fold CV and LOOCV
Kourou et al [43]	Greece, 2021	Clinical data; 609	People with breast cancer	Depression	A set of psychological traits (optimism, perceived ability to cope with trauma, resilience as a trait, and ability to understand the illness) and subjective perceptions of personal functionality (physical, social, and cognitive)	RF, SVM, and GB	5-fold CV
Kober et al [44]	United States, 2021	Clinical data; 1217	People with cancer receiving chemotherapy	Evening fatigue	Morning fatigue, lower evening energy, and sleep disturbance	RF, LR (filtered or unfiltered), RPAR, and SVM	10-fold CV
Hu et al [45]	China, 2021	Clinical data; 238	People with non-Hodgkin lymphoma receiving chemotherapy	Depression	Education level, sex, age, marital status, medical insurance, per capita monthly household income, pathological stage, Suicide Severity Rating Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30	SVM, RF, and LASSO+LR	Random
Haun et al [46]	Germany, 2021	Clinical data; 496	People with cancer seen in primary care	Anxiety	Fatigue or weakness, insomnia, and pain appeared	OLS^ac, RR^ad, LASSO, ENR^ae, RF, and XGB	10-fold CV
Lee et al [47]	United States, 2020	Clinical data and CT Images data; 388	People with lung cancer after intensity-modulated radiation therapy	Weight loss	Joint Gross tumor volume L1+L2+L3 radiomics, Gross tumor volume, and esophagus L3 dosiomic	SVM, DNN^af, and ensemble classifier	Nested CV
Juwara et al [48]	Canada, 2020	Clinical data; 204	People with breast cancer after surgery	NP^aj	Anxiety, type of surgery, and acute pain	LS^ah, RR, ENR, RF, GB, and ANN	10-fold CV
Men et al [49]	United States, 2019	Clinical data and CT image data; 784	People with HNC receiving radiotherapy	Xerostomia	Feature map visualization	LR and 3D-RCNN^ai	Random
Jiang et al [50]	United States, 2019	Clinical data and CT images data; 427	People with HNC	Xerostomia	The patient has human papillomavirus, completed chemotherapy, their baseline xerostomia grade, tumor site, N stage, and use of feeding tube	RR, LASSO, and RF	10-fold CV
Sheikh et al [51]	United States, 2019	CT images data; 266	People with HNC	Xerostomia	N/A	Generalized linear model	10-fold CV
Papachristou et al [52]	United States, 2019	Clinical data; 799	People with cancer receiving chemotherapy	Sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression	Age, gender, cancer site, the number of prior cancer treatment, and initial diagnosis	SVR (linear, polynomial, and radial Sigma) and n-CCA^aj	10-fold CV and bootstrap
Zhang et al [53]	China, 2018	Clinical data; 375	People with cancer receiving radiotherapy	Weight loss	Head and neck tumor location and total radiation dose of ≥70 Gray, and without postsurgery	DT and LR	Random
Olling et al [54]	Denmark;2018	Clinical and CT image; 131	People with lung cancer receiving radiotherapy	Odynophagia (painful swallowing)	N/A	Multivariable LR, Lasso and elastic net regularized generalized linear models, and SVM	10-fold CV
Gabryś et al [55]	Germany;2018	Clinical and CT image; 153	People with HNC after radiotherapy	Xerostomia	The parotid gland volume, the spread of the contralateral dose-volume histogram, and the parotid gland eccentricity, and sex	LRL1^ak, LRL2^al, LR-EN^am, KNN, SVM, ET^an, and GTB^ao	Single and nested CV
Lötsch et al [56]	Germany;2018	Clinical data; 1000	People with breast cancer after surgery	Pain	Age, chronic pain of any type, number of previous operations, BMI, preoperative pain in the area to be operated on, smoking and psychological factors	Unsupervised ML^ap	Random
Abdollahi et al [57]	Iran;2018	Clinical and CT image; 47	People with HNC receiving chemotherapy	Hearing loss	10 of the 490 radiomic features selected as the associated features with significant sensorineural hearing loss status	Decision stump, Hoeffding, C4.5, NB, AdaBoost, bootstrap aggregating, and LR	10-fold CV
van Dijk et al [58]	United States;2018	Clinical data and CT image; 68	People with HNC	Xerostomia	N/A	LR	External validation
Cvetković [59]	Serbia;2017	Clinical data; 84	People with breast cancer	Depression	N/A	ELM^aq, ANN, and Fuzzy Genetic Algorithm	Random
van Dijk et al [60]	United States;2017	CT image features; 249	People with HNC	Xerostomia	N/A	LR	10-fold CV

^aLR: logistic regression.

^bItalic text in this column indicates the best results used in the study.

^cRF: random forest.

^dGBDT: gradient boosting decision tree.

^eXGB: extreme gradient boosting.

^fANN: artificial neural network.

^gCV: cross-validation.

^hEN: elastic net.

ⁱLASSO: Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator.

^jRPAR: recursive partitioning and regression trees.

^kSVM: support vector machine.

^lNB: Naïve bayes.

^mN/A: not applicable.

ⁿMP: multiple perceptron.

^oAdaBoost: Adaptive boosting.

^pGBM: light gradient boosting machine.

^qCT: computed tomography.

^rCNN: convolutional neural network.

^sDT: decision tree.

^tLOOCV: leave-one-out-cross-validation.

^uHNC: head and neck cancer.

^vKNN: k-nearest neighbor.

^wCART: classification and regression tree.

^xMLP: multilayer perceptron.

^yARIMA: autoregressive integrated moving average.

^zLSTM: long short-term memory neural network.

^aaSVR: support vector regression.

^abGB: gradient boosting.

^acOLS: ordinary least square.

^adRR: ridge regression.

^aeENR: elastic net regression.

^afDNN: deep neural network.

^agNP: neuropathic pain.

^ahLS: least squares.

^ai3D-RCNN: 3D region-based convolutional neural network.

^ajn-CCA: nonlinear canonical correlation analysis.

^akLRL1: L1 penalized logistic regression.

^alLRL2: L2 penalized logistic regression.

^amLR-EN: logistic regression-elastic net.

^anET: extra tree.

^aoGTB: gradient tree boosting.

^apML: machine learning.

^aqELM: extreme linear machine.