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. 2024 Mar 19;4:e51113. doi: 10.2196/51113

Table 4.

Granger causality tests between government users and other types of users for each vaccine attribute.

Vaccine attribute Nongovernment users Professional media Alternative media Civil societal organizations Regular users

Outcome variable Antecedent variable Outcome variable Antecedent variable Outcome variable Antecedent variable Outcome variable Antecedent variable Outcome variable Antecedent variable
Importance

F value (df) 1.410 (5,20) 1.209 (2,20) 1.413 (5,20) 7.192 (5,12) 2.412 (5,15) 2.407 (5,15) 4.111 (5,15) 1.801 (5,15) 3.809 (5,15) 2.259 (5,15)

P value .26 .32 .26 .003 .09 .09 .01 .17 .02 .10
Effectiveness

F value (df) 0.449 (2,30) 3.029 (3,13) 0.133 (2,30) 4.391 (3,13) 0.293 (3,13) 1.319 (5,9) 6.264 (3,13) 0.567 (2,10) 0.968 (2,30) 0.858 (2,30)

P value .64 .07 .88 .02 .83 .34 .007 .58 .39 .44
Safety

F value (df) 3.817 (3,13) 3.222 (3,13) 3.247 (5,15) 2.565 (5,15) 0.706 (1,15) 2.419 (5,15) 2.923 (3,13) 4.405 (3,12) 2.004 (5,15) 2.912 (3,22)

P value .04 .057 .03 .07 .41 .08 .07 .03 .14 .057
Trust in government

F value (df) 2.017 (3,15) 4.590 (3,13) 3.270 (3,13) 3.924 (3,13) 1.228 (2,20) 2.296 (3,13) 2.705 (3,9) 3.585 (2,10) 0.304 (2,10) 3.373 (3,13)

P value .15 .02 .055 .03 .31 .12 .11 .07 .74 .051
Trust in experts

F value (df) 3.916 (3,13) 0.402 (2,20) 3.753 (2,10) 1.437 (5,30) 0.401 (2,20) 1.146 (2,20) 15.877 (3,9) 1.058 (1,22) 16.639 (5,15) 4.189 (2,9)

P value .03 .67 .06 .24 .67 .34 .001 .31 <.001 .051
COVID-19 risk

F value (df) 0.255 (2,9) 1.124 (2,30) 1.890 (2,30) 5.173 (5,15) 0.665 (3,3) 8.769 (5,15) 2.442 (3,20) 2.275 (3,20) 0.655 (2,15) 0.235 (2,15)

P value .78 .34 .16 .006 .63 <.001 .09 .11 .53 .79
Accessibility

F value (df) 0.248 (2,15) 2.781 (3,13) 0.045 (2,10) 1.362 (5,20) 1.461 (5,15) 2.963 (5,15) 1.546 (5,15) 2.763 (5,10) 3.343 (5,15) 2.376 (5,15)

P value .78 .08 .96 .28 .26 .047 .23 .08 .03 .09
Distribution

F value (df) 0.756 (2,20) 0.104 (2,20) 0.596 (2,20) 0.283 (2,20) 0.147 (1,25) 0.005 (1,15) 1.264 (1,20) 0.382 (1,20) 4.175 (1,25) 0.458 (1,25)

P value .48 .90 .56 .76 .70 .94 .27 .54 .051 .50
Affordability

F value (df) 2.500 (3,13) 3.851 (3,13) 0.745 (2,20) 4.754 (3,13) 0.479 (2,20) 0.688 (2,20) 0.525 (2,20) 0.495 (2,20) 6.012 (3,13) 5.067 (2,20)

P value .10 .04 .49 .02 .63 .51 .60 .62 .008 .02