TABLE 6.
Selected control measures (a full list is available in EFSA PLH Panel, 2018) for pest entry/establishment/spread/impact in relation to currently unregulated hosts and pathways. Control measures are measures that have a direct effect on pest abundance.
| Control measure/risk reduction option (Blue underline = Zenodo doc, Blue = WIP) ) | RRO summary | Risk element targeted (entry/establishment/spread/impact) |
|---|---|---|
| Require pest freedom | Pest‐free place of production (e.g. place of production and its immediate vicinity is free from pest over an appropriate time period, e.g. since the beginning of the last complete cycle of vegetation, or past 2 or 3 cycles). Pest‐free production site | Entry/Establishment/Spread |
| Growing plants in isolation | Place of production is insect proof originate in a place of production with complete physical isolation | Entry (reduce infestation)/Establishment/Spread |
| Managed growing conditions | Used to mitigate likelihood of infestation at origin. Plants collected directly from natural habitats, have been grown, held and trained for at least two consecutive years prior to dispatch in officially registered nurseries, which are subject to an officially supervised control regime | Entry (reduce infestation)/Establishment/Spread |
| Roguing and pruning | Roguing is defined as the removal of infested plants and/or uninfested host plants in a delimited area, whereas pruning is defined as the removal of infested plant parts only without affecting the viability of the plant | Entry/Spread/Impact |
| Biological control and behavioural manipulation |
Zhang and Huang (2001) reported Oriencyrtus liaoi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of E. giganteum on willow (Salix spp.) in Zhongwei, China. In northern China, the parasitoid wasp Encyrtus eulecaniumiae sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was reported on E. giganteum (Wang et al., 2016). In Iran (Ghazanchi, Kermanshah) larvae of Dicrodiplosis manihoti (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) were observed feeding on egg masses and crawlers of E. giganteum on Canadian phlox (Phlox divaricate) (Jalilvand et al., 2013). In Xinjiang, Eunotus aequalivena (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) was reported to be a highly parasitic species to E. giganteum (Zhang et al., 2016). Tao et al. (2002) reported that, in Kunming, there are six natural enemies of E. giganteum such as Blastothrix sericea, Metaphycus pulvinariae, Cocophagus hawaiiensis, Microterys ericeri and Cocophagus sp. The first two parasitoid wasps have about 88% parasitism rate under natural conditions (Tao et al., 2002). Some of the parasitoid species that have been recorded to parasitise on E. giganteum in its distribution range, such as Blastothrix sericea, Metaphycus pulvinariae and Cocophagus spp., are also recorded in the EU territory |
Impact |
| Chemical treatments on crops including reproductive material | Used to mitigate likelihood of infestation of pests susceptible to chemical treatments. The effectiveness of insecticide applications against soft scales may be reduced by the waxy coating of the adult. The efficacy of insecticides was tested on different nymphal stages of E. giganteum. Only the control of nymphs at the end of first instar and the beginning of second instar was effective, with mortality rate over 94% (Xie, 1985) | Entry/Establishment/Spread/Impact |
| Cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools and machinery | The physical and chemical cleaning and disinfection of facilities, tools, machinery, facilities and other accessories (e.g. boxes, pots, hand tools) | Entry/Spread |
| Heat and cold treatments | Controlled temperature treatments aimed to kill or inactivate pests without causing any unacceptable prejudice to the treated material itself. Treatments relevant for this risk mitigation measure are: autoclaving; steam; hot water; hot air; cold treatment | Entry/Spread |
| Controlled atmosphere | Treatment of plants by storage in a modified atmosphere (including modified humidity, O2, CO2, temperature, pressure) | Entry/Spread (via commodity) |