Table 2.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review
| Author | Study design | Experimental model | n | Groups | Analysis period | Bacterial analysis | Histological analysis | Radiographic analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brandão et al. [8] | In vivo | Mesial canals of rat lower first molars left open, 3 weeks | 10-12 | #15 to #30 K-files; 2.5% NaOCl; Sterile saline; Single cone technique and AH-Plus; G1 and G2: no treatment; G3: WL up to the AF; G4: 1 mm short of the AF | 4 weeks after treatment | N.A. | HE; G1 and G2: > inflammation and < cementum neoformation than G3 and G4; G3: = inflammation and > cementum neoformation than G4 | Area of periapical radiolucency, mm; G1: 1.452 ±0.446 #; G2: 1.699 ±0.224 #; G3: 0.801 ±0.458 =; G4: 1.373 ±0.269 # |
| Borlina et al. [7] |
In vivo | Dogs teeth open, 180 days | 10 | #55 K-file, G1 and G2 #25 up to AF; 2.5% NaOCl; 17% EDTA; Ca(OH)2; Lateral condensation; G1: WL up to the AF, Sealer 26; G2: Endomethasone; G3: without foramen widening, Sealer 26; G4: Endomethasone |
180 days after treatment | N.A. | HE; G1 and G2: > cementum neoformation, repair of areas of cementum, periapical healing process, periodontal ligament condiditons and < bone resorption, presence of microorganisms and inflammatory cell infiltrate than G3 and G4 | N.A. |
| Yadav et al. [24] |
Ex vivo | Human maxillary molars infected with E. faecalis, 72 h |
5-8 | K-files; 5.25% NaOCL; 17% EDTA; Phosphate-buffered normal saline. G1: no treatment; G2: WL up to the AF #25; G3: 1 mm short of the AF | Immediate | CFU; G1: >105 #; G2: 350=; G3 9.000 § | N.A. | N.A. |
| Sacomani et al. [26] | Ex vivo | Human canines infected with E. faecalis, 21 days |
5-15 (Control =5 and Experimental group=15) |
Reciproc R50; 2.5 NaOCl, 17% EDTA, 0.9% Saline solution; G1: no treatment; G2: without bacterial inoculation; G3: WL -1 mm to the AF; G4: WL up to the AF; G5: WL +1 mm to the AF | Immediate | CFU, 105; G1: 18.214 ±8.868; G2: 0; G3: 0.86 ±1.28 #; G4: 0.27 ±0.25 #=; G5: 0.18 ±0.28 = | N.A. | N.A. |
| Lins et al. [25] | Ex vivo | Human premolars infected with E. faecalis, nm |
3-5 (Control = 3 and Experimental group = 5) |
17% EDTA with activation; G1: no treatment; G2: no treatment with bacterial inoculation; G3: WL -1 mm, PTN, 2.5% NaOCl; G4: WL 0 mm, PTN, 2.5% NaOCl; G5: WL +1 mm, PTN, 2.5% NaOCl; G6: WL -1 mm, WOG, 2.5% NaOCl; G7: WL 0 mm, WOG, 2.5% NaOCl; G8: WL +1 mm, WOG, 2.5% NaOCl; G9: WL -1 mm, PTN, 0.9% NaCl; G10: WL 0 mm, PTN, 0.9% NaCl; G11: WL +1 mm, PTN, 0.9% NaCl; G12: WL -1 mm, WOG, 0.9% NaCl; G13: WL 0 mm, WOG, 0.9% NaCl; WL +1 mm, WOG, 0.9% NaCl |
Immediate | CFU, 105; G1: 0 #; G2: >105 =; G3, G4, G6, G7 and G8: 0 #; G5, G9-G14: >105 = |
N.A. | N.A. |
WL: Working Length; AF: Apical Foramen; FE: Foraminal enlargement; nm: not mentioned; NaOCl: sodium hypochlorite; h: hours; d: days; w: weeks; EDTA: Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid; CaOH2: Calcium hydroxide; PTN: Protaper Next; WOG: WaveOne Gold; NaCl: Sodium chloride; NA: Not Applicable; HE: Hematoxylin-eosin; CFU: Colony-forming units; #=§+ Different letters indicate statistically significant difference