Table 2.
Descriptive characteristics of participants in the STEPS study from 2007 to 2016, by hypertension
| Variables | Hypertensive (n = 10,199) | Normotensive (n = 29,786) | P-value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 44.45 (10.84) | 40.69 (11.46) | < 0.001 | |
| Sex† | ||||
| Male | 4,530 (45.85) | 13,722 (47.24) | < 0.001** | |
| Female | 5,669 (54.15) | 16,064 (52.76) | ||
| Residence† | ||||
| Urban | 6,246 (70.37) | 18,193 (69.04) | < 0.001** | |
| Rural | 3,953 (29.63) | 11,593 (30.96) | ||
| Physical activity† | ||||
| Low | 4,170 (40.36) | 12,379 (42.54) | < 0.001** | |
| Moderate | 2,515 (25.84) | 6,958 (24.48) | ||
| High | 3,499 (33.80) | 10,362 (32.97) | ||
| Smoking (yes)† | 1,002 (10.47) | 3,638 (12.07) | < 0.001** | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.87 (5.39) | 26.19 (5.06) | < 0.001 | |
| WC (cm) | 95.99 (13.11) | 88.62 (13.28) | < 0.001 | |
| TC (mg/dL) | 188.80 (44.80) | 172.20 (40.12) | < 0.001 | |
| TG (mg/dL) | 168.72 (96.15) | 140.25 (82.08) | < 0.001 | |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 115.30 (36.23) | 102.64 (32.78) | < 0.001 | |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 41.94 (11.22) | 42.60 (11.41) | < 0.001 | |
| FPG (mg/dL) | 103.73 (41.51) | 93.02 (28.04) | < 0.001 | |
| Diabetes (yes)† | 1,972 (18.82) | 2,781 (8.60) | < 0.001** | |
| MetS (yes)† | 6,719 (65.80) | 7,687 (24.06) | < 0.001** | |
| Cooking oil type† | ||||
| Liquid | 4,699 (51.80) | 14,381 (54.27) | < 0.001** | |
| Solid | 5,343 (46.65) | 14,908 (44.33) | ||
| Other | 147 (1.55) | 445 (1.40) | ||
| Fruits consumption (average per day) | 1.84 (1.36) | 1.90 (1.34) | 0.001 | |
| Vegetables consumption (average per day) | 1.62 (1.25) | 1.60 (1.22) | < 0.001 | |
Data were presented as Mean (Standard deviation), †Frequency (% weighted), BMI: Body Mass Index, WC: Waist Circumference, TC: Total Cholesterol, TG: Triglyceride, LDL-C: Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL-C: High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, FPG: Fasting Plasma Glucose, MetS: Metabolic Syndrome, **Based on T-test, **Based on Chi-square