Table 2.
Bivariate analysis of associations between headache types and demographic variables
| Demographic variable | Migraine | TTH | pMOH | Other H15+ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds ratio [95% confidence interval] | ||||
| Gender | ||||
| Male (n = 1,065) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Female (n = 1,084) | 2.0 [1.6–2.5] p < 0.001 | 1.0 [0.8–1.2] p = 0.94 | 1.6 [0.7–3.8] p = 0.24 | 1.6 [1.0-2.5] p = 0.07 |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 18–25 (n = 325) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 26–35 (n = 379) | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] p = 0.50 | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] p = 0.26 | 1.3 [0.2–7.7] p = 0.78 | 2.0 [0.8–5.4] p = 0.15 |
| 36–45 (n = 558) | 1.1 [0.8–1.5] p = 0.61 | 0.8 [0.6–1.1] p = 0.13 |
2.9 [0.6–13.5] p = 0.17 |
1.6 [0.6-4.0] p = 0.35 |
| 46–55 (n = 457) | 0.8 [0.6–1.2] p = 0.28 | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] p = 0.18 | 1.4 [0.3–7.8] p = 0.68 | 1.4 [0.5–3.9] p = 0.48 |
| 56–65 (n = 430) | 0.7 [0.5-1.0] p = 0.06 | 1.3 [1.0-1.7] p = 0.07 | 1.9 [0.4–9.9] p = 0.45 | 3.1 [1.3–7.8] p = 0.01 |
| Habitation | ||||
| Urban (n = 1,384) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Rural (n = 765) | 1.1 [0.9–1.4] p = 0.40 | 0.8 [0.6–0.9] p = 0.006 | 0.5 [0.2–1.3] p = 0.14 | 2.0 [1.2–3.1] p = 0.005 |
| Altitude (metres) | ||||
| ow < 350 (n = 1,363) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| High 2,500-3,000 (n = 339) | 1.2 [0.9–1.6] p = 0.24 | 0.5 [0.4–0.6] p < 0.001 | 0.6 [0.2–2.1] p = 0.44 | 2.5 [1.4–4.5] p = 0.002 |
| Very high > 3,500 (n = 447) | 1.8 [1.4–2.3] p < 0.001 | 0.9 [0.7–1.1] p = 0.30 | 0.3 [0.1–1.4] p = 0.12 | 1.8 [1.0-3.2] p = 0.06 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single (n = 602) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Married (n = 1,252) | 1.3 [1.0-1.6] p = 0.06 | 1.0 [0.8–1.3] p = 0.76 | 1.9 [0.6–5.8] p = 0.24 | 1.5 [0.8–2.7] p = 0.18 |
| Widowed, separated, divorced (n = 295) | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] p = 0.43 | 1.1 [0.8–1.4] p = 0.57 | 2.1 [0.5–8.3] p = 0.31 | 1.5 [0.7–3.3] p = 0.30 |
| Education level | ||||
| none (n = 62) | 1.1 [0.6-2.0] p = 0.70 | 0.7 [0.4–1.3], p = 0.27 | 2.8 [0.6–13.2] p = 0.21 | 2.6 [0.7–9.2] p = 0.15 |
| School (n = 1,419) | 0.9 [0.7–1.1] p = 0.30 | 0.9 [0.8–1.1] p = 0.34 | 0.8 [0.3-2.0] p = 0.66 | 2.1 [1.1–3.8] p = 0.02 |
| College, university (n = 668) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Household income (PEN) | ||||
| < 600 (n = 432) | 1.0 [0.7–1.5] p = 0.84 | 0.7 [0.5-1.0] p = 0.04 | 1.6 [0.2–15.1] p = 0.70 | 2.4 [0.9–6.3] p = 0.09 |
| 600–899 (n = 562) | 1.1 [0.8–1.6] p = 0.61 | 0.9 [0.7–1.2] p = 0.51 | 1.2 [0.1–11.6] p = 0.87 | 1.1 [0.4–3.2] p = 0.82 |
| 900-1,299 (n = 518) | 0.9 [0.6–1.4] p = 0.73 | 1.0 [0.7–1.3] p = 0.85 | 4.0 [0.5–31.4] p = 0.19 | 1.4 [0.5–3.9] p = 0.51 |
| 1,300-2,199 (n = 412) | 1.1 [0.7–1.6] p = 0.66 | 1.2 [0.8–1.6] p = 0.41 | 4.4 [0.6–35.7] p = 0.16 | 1.7 [0.6–4.6] p = 0.33 |
| ≥ 2,200 (n = 225) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
TTH: tension-type headache; pMOH: probable medication-overuse headache; H15+: headache on ≥ 15 days/month; significant associations are emboldened