Table 1.
Demography and lab parameters
| Population Characteristics | CKD, N = 62 | CKDu, N = 60 | Healthy, N = 54 | P-value | P-value for Pair-wise comparisons by Dunn’s test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD vs. CKDu | CKD vs. Healthy | CKDu vs. Healthy | |||||
| Age (Years) | 43.0 (32.0, 52.0) | 44.0 (36.0, 50.0) | 31.0 (27.0, 39.8) | < 0.001* | 0.7 | ||
| Male | 29 (46.8) | 26 (43.3) | 33 (61.1) | 0.136* | |||
| Female | 33 (53.2) | 34 (56.7) | 21 (38.9) | ||||
| SBP (mmHg) | 142.0 (138.0, 154.0) | 138.0 (124.0, 144.0) | 125.0 (116.8, 132.0) | < 0.001** | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 89.5 (83.0, 97.8) | 89.0 (80.0, 94.0) | 86.0 (73.2, 89.0) | < 0.001** | 0.11 | < 0.001 | 0.015 |
| Smoking (yes) | 5 (8.2%) | 2 (3.4%) | 4 (7.4%) | 0.4# | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 |
| Alcohol use (yes) | 4 (6.6%) | 7 (12%) | 3 (5.6%) | 0.4# | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.2 |
| Painkillers use(yes) | 1 (1.6%) | 6 (10%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.08# | 0.028 | > 0.9 | 0.037 |
| Pesticide use(yes) | 7 (12%) | 12 (20%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.01# | 0.15 | 0.1 | 0.002 |
| Source drinking water (Surface water) | 15(24) | 25(42) | 10(18) | 0.016* | 0.04 | 0.458 | 0.007 |
| ACR1st (mcg/mg) | 1,259.4 (487.0, 3,253.6) | 321.9 (56.4, 611.6) | 13.7 (6.8, 17.4) | < 0.001** | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.1 |
| ACR2nd (mcg/mg) | 988.1 (370.5, 2,314.0) | 315.8 (98.9, 584.0) | 15.0 (8.8, 19.2) | < 0.001** | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | 0.024 |
| PCR (gm/gm) | 3.1 (2.0, 5.8) | 1.1 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.040 (0.020, 0.075) | < 0.001** | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
| HbA1C (pct) | 5.4 (5.1, 5.7) | 5.4 (5.1, 5.8) | 5.8 (5.2, 6.0) | 0.12** | > 0.9 | 0.4 | 0.12 |
| Sr.Creatinine (mg/dL) | 6.1 (3.5, 10.7) | 3.8 (1.9, 7.2) | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | < 0.001** | 0.002 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 9.0 (6.0, 17.0) | 14.5 (7.0, 34.2) | 109 (95.0,122.0) | < 0.001** | 0.08 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Median (IQR); n (%) p-values for three group comparison without any superscript was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test ** for three group comparison; *Pearson’s Chi-squared test; #Fisher Freeman Halton test CKD-chronic kidney disease, CKDu Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, ACR_1st Albumin creatinine ratio on 1st visit, ACR_2nd Albumin creatinine ratio on 2nd visit, Sr Serum, eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate, PCR Protein creatinine ratio