Table 2.
Heavy metal levels comparison in different groups
| Exposures (ppb) | CKD, N = 62 | CKDu, N = 60 | Healthy, N = 54 | P value | P-vale for Pair-wise comparisons by Dunn’s test | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CKD vs. CKDu | CKD vs. Healthy | CKDu vs. Healthy | |||||
| As DL (mcg/Lt) | 0.191 ppb | ||||||
| U/B ratio | 0.13 (0.00–0.80) | 0.73 (0.00–32.37) | 2.2 (0.86–70.1) | ||||
| Blood_As (mcg/Lt)a | 4.5 (0.0, 58.8) | 91.97 (1.3, 132.7) | 39.01 (4.8, 67.4) | < 0.001* | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| % above DL | 64.2 | 78.3 | 81.2 | < 0.001# | |||
| Urine As (mcg/gm)a | 17.1 (7.7, 29.9) | 11.1 (2.8, 22.1) | 97.4 (52.4, 152.5) | < 0.001* | 0.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 94 | 83.4 | 100 | < 0.001# | |||
| Cd DL (mcg/Lt) | 0.0 | ||||||
| U/B ratio | 0.09 (0.04-.17) | 0.10 (0.06–0.21) | 0.03 (0.01–0.14) | ||||
| Blood_Cd (mcg/Lt)a | 10.9 (3.4, 14.0) | 9.8 (0.7, 15.2) | 2.7 (1.6, 3.8) | < 0.001* | 0.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 91.9 | 91.6 | 100 | < 0.001# | |||
| Urine_Cd (mcg/gm)a | 1.0 (0.3, 1.7) | 0.5 (0.0, 1.5) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.1) | < 0.001* | 0.063 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 80.5 | 62.8 | 24.1 | < 0.001# | |||
| Lead DL (mcg/Lt) | 0.822 | ||||||
| U/B ratio | 2.13 (0.38–5.2) | 1.6 (0.49–3.47) | 0.06 (0.04–0.27) | ||||
| Blood_Pb (mcg/Lt)a | 54.9 (7.1, 77.6) | 27.1 (4.0, 66.3) | 10.9 (0.0, 30.0) | < 0.001* | 0.14 | < 0.001 | 0.006 |
| % above DL | 80 | 85 | 74.1 | 0.510# | |||
| Urine_Pb (mcg/gm)a | 70.5 (17.6, 162.2) | 29.0 (1.1, 142.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 1.1) | < 0.001* | 0.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 80.6 | 76.7 | 29.6 | < 0.001# | |||
| Chromium DL (mcg/Lt) | 3.156 | ||||||
| U/B ratio | 0.13 (0.04–0.18) | 0.13 (0.07–0.22) | 0.03 (0.01–0.05) | ||||
| Blood Cr (mcg/Lt)a | 477.2 (253.5, 597.4) | 455.0 (156.4, 629.2) | 221.4 (177.5, 268.6) | < 0.001* | 0.4 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 100 | 86.7 | 100 | < 0.001# | |||
| Urine Cr (mcg/gm)a | 59.2 (21.7, 82.8) | 34.7 (6.3, 82.0) | 0.0 (0.0, 0.0) | < 0.001* | 0.5 | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| % above DL | 85.5 | 86.7 | 14.8 | < 0.001# | |||
aMedian (IQR); n (%) p-values for three group comparison without any superscript was obtained by Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test * for three group comparison. #Pearson’s Chi-squared test. DL Detection limit, U/B Ratio-urine blood ratio. All values blood metals in ppb (parts per billion or micrograms/liter). All values of urinary metals in microgram/gm). CKD Chronic kidney disease, CKDu Chronic kidney disease of unknown cause, As Arsenic, Cd Cadmium, Pb Lead, Cr Chromium