Figure 2.

Human microbiota disruption contributes to various diseases including cancers, bowel diseases, liver diseases, chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory diseases, metabolic diseases, and neurologic and psychiatric diseases. IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IBS, irritable bowel syndrome; IFN‐γ, interferon‐γ; IL‐10, interleukin‐10; IL‐12, interleukin‐12; LPS, lipopolysaccharides; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; SCFAs, short‐chain fatty acids; TNF‐α, tumor necrosis factor‐α.