Table 1.
18F-FDG PET/CT and CT manifestations of primary choriocarcinoma.
| Case | Authors | Gender | Age | Obstetric history | Medical history | Clinical symptoms | Max β-hCG, mIU/mL | Primary sites | Invasion and metastasis | Max diameter/cm | SUVmax | Management | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lowe et al. (12) | M | 18 | None | Microcytic anemia | Black stools, lethargy, and dizziness | 32,219 | Testicles | Stomach, brain and kidney lungs | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive |
| 2 | Maruoka et al. (13) | F | 26 y | Molar pregnancy history at 20 y and spontaneous abortion history at 26 y. | NA | NA | 233.8 | Negative | Pulmonary metastasis | 3.0 | 2.0 | Surgery | Alive at 1 mo |
| 3 | Dose et al. (14) | F | 37 y | Abortion at 34 y | Leiomyoma of the uterus, Cystic lesion of the right ovary | Irregular bleedings, and secondary sterility | 8,000 | Uterus | None | 5 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 13 mo |
| 4 | Gazzilli et al. (15) | F | 36 y | History of 4 spontaneous abortion | NA | Repeated epistaxis | 3,839 | Nasal and ethmoid | Sphenoidal and maxillary sinuses; cervical lymph node | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Complete remission |
| 5 | Numnum et al. (16) | F | 22 y | Molar pregnancy history at 16 and a term delivery at 19 y | GTD (gestational trophoblastic disease) | Vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping | 1,341 | Left pelvis | None | NA | 5.0 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 8 mo |
| 6 | Hebart et al. (17) | F | 32 y | NA | Irregular menstruation | Irregular periods, intermittent pleuritic chest pains and nonproductive cough | 127,429 | None | Left lung artery and right lung | NA | NA | Chemotherapy | Died within few hours |
| 7 | Hebart et al. (17) | F | 29 y | Term delivery 4 mo ago. | NA | NA | 400 | None | Left and right lung | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 1 y |
| 8 | Huang et al. (18) | F | 40 y | Term delivery 10 y ago | Pseudoaneurysms, GTD | Headache | 4,154 | None | Left frontal lobe in brain and left lung | 1.5 | NA | Chemotherapy | Alive at 3 y |
| 9 | Tripathi et al. (19) | F | 38 y | Term delivery 4 y ago | NA | NA | 33,000 | NA | Right atrium and lung | NA | NA | Chemotherapy + surgery | Alive after 5 cycles |
| 10 | Rao et al. (20) | F | 28 y | Term delivery 4 y ago | NA | Irregular vaginal bleeding | 1,004.69 | Pancreas | None | 5.4 | 3.9 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 2 y |
| 11 | Huang et al. (21) | F | 46 y | NA | NA | Right upper abdominal pain | 59,283 | Pancreas | Liver and inferior vena cava lymph nodes | 7.4 | 17.7 | Surgery +125I-seed implantation | Died at 10 mo |
| 12 | Trübenbach et al. (22) | F | 33 y | Abortion 10 months ago | Pulmonary embolism, pleural effusion and pulmonary hypertension | Recurrent episodes of exertional dyspnoea and pleuritic chest pain | 129,500 | None | Left pulmonary artery | NA | NA | Methotrexate | Died at 1 d |
| 13 | Zhang et al. (23) | F | 29 y | NA | Recurrent right-sided pneumothoraces | Recurrent right-sided pneumothoraces and episodic menorrhagia | NA | Left lung | NA | NA | 7.2 | Surgery | NA |
| 14 | FCimarelli et al. (24) | M | 23 | None | GCT (germ cell tumors) | Gynecomastia and abdomen pain | 425,000 | Retroperitoneal | Liver, lung and lomboaortic lymph nodes | 14 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | NA |
| 15 | Joshua et al. (25) | F | 31 y | Term delivery | Dult polycystic kidney disease and mild hypertension | Pulmonary vein bleeding | 91,348 | Uterus | Lung and liver | NA | NA | Chemotherapy | Alive at 8 mo |
| 16 | Sone et al. (26) | F | 31 y | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Lung | NA | 7.3 | Chemotherapy | Died |
| 17 | Kidd et al. (27) | M | 48 y | None | NA | Blurred vision and headache | NA | NA | Brain and lung and | NA | NA | Supportive therapy | Died at 10 d |
| 18 | Aleem et al. (28) | F | 30 y | NA | NA | A lump in right breast and right axilla | NA | Uterus | Right breast | 7 | 5.9 | Surgery + chemotherapy | alive |
| 19 | Goldfarb et al. (29) | F | 50 y | Gravida 3, para 2, abortus 1 | NA | An intra-uterine mass and hemorrhaged during an office endometrial biopsy | 28,725 | Uterus | Lungs | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy + targeted therapy | Disease progression at 2 y |
| 20 | Du et al. (30) | F | 37 y | One term delivery and two miscarriages | Irregular menstruation | Hemoptysis | 279,064 | NA | Lung, renal and brain | 5.8 | 18.3 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Died at 1 y |
| 21 | Wang et al. (31) | F | 21 y | Miscarriage at 20 y. | NA | Chest pain and fever | >10,000 | NA | Lung | NA | 27.5 | Chemotherapy | Alive at 1 y |
| 22 | Sekine et al. (32) | M | 49 y | None | Diabetes mellitus and hepatitis C | Abdominal pain and fever | 5,3,000 | Liver | Lung | NA | NA | None | Died at 60 d |
| 23 | Sironi et al. (33) | F | 38 y | No obstetric history in the past 10 y | NA | NA | 210 | NA | Lung | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 12 mo |
| 24 | Sironi et al. (33) | F | 29 y | Recent molar pregnancy history | NA | NA | 3,471 | NA | Lung | 0.5 | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery | Alive at 6 mo |
| 25 | Sironi et al. (33) | F | 49 y | Molar pregnancy 6 y ago | NA | NA | >10,000 | NA | Left lung and liver | 13 | 7.98 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive |
| 26 | Gasparri et al. (34) | F | 37 y | Term delivery 1 y ago | Enhancement of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin levels | Period suspension | NA | NA | Lung | 1.1 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 2 y |
| 27 | Gvinianidze et al. (35) | F | 42 y | Term delivery 6 mo ago | NA | Cough, shortness of breath on physical exertion and haemoptysis | 3,200 | NA | Lung and brain | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 8 mo |
| 28 | Snoj et al. (36) | F | 35 | Three spontaneous abortions in the past year | NA | Right chest pain | 169,396 | Lung | Brain | 6.4 | 2.7 | Surgery + chemotherapy + radiotherapy | Alive at 1 y |
| 29 | Göksel et al. (37) | M | 27 | None | Anemia and melena | Anemia and melena | NA | Testicles | Stomach | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 30 | Francischetti et al. (38) | M | 41 | None | Transient ischemic attack and stroke | Recurrent numbness of right finger and arm, left facial weakness and language difficulty | 12,118 | Mediastinum | Brain | 9 | NA | NA | NA |
| 31 | Pakkala et al. (39) | F | 23 | At 28 weeks of gestation | NA | Right hypochondrium pain | 11,875 | NA | Liver and pulmonary, presacral, rectal, and iliac nodal metastasis | 11.6 | NA | Termination of pregnancy + surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 7 mo |
| 32 | Su et al. (40) | F | 31 | NA | Right ovarian dermoid cyst and bilateral polycystic ovaries | NA | 790,000 | Uterus | Lung | 0.4 | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery + chemotherapy | NA |
| 33 | Lee et al. (41) | F | 15 | None | NA | Uterine bleeding | 76,600 | Right ovary | None | 8.5 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 6 y |
| 34 | Lehmann et al. (42) | F | 32 | Term delivery 5 mo ago | Gestational choriocarcinoma | Uterine bleeding | 13,575 | Uterus | Lung and brain | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 2 y |
| 35 | Usta et al. (43) | F | 28 | Term delivery 4 y ago | NA | Lower pelvic pain, flank pain, vaginal bleeding and a delayed menstrual period | 70,373 | Renal artery | NA | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 1 y |
| 36 | Clair et al. (44) | F | 30 | A 15-week twin pregnancy consisting of a normal fetus and a suspected molar gestation | NA | NA | 96,952 | Uterus | Lungs | 3.2 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy + radiotherapy + targeted therapy | Alive at 5 y |
| 37 | Dance et al. (45) | M | 37 d | None | Anemia and thrombocytopenia | A pedunculated, friable red glabellar mass | NA | NA | Cutaneous, liver, and lung | 6.8 | 10.3 | Surgery + liver transplant + chemotherapy | Alive at 3 mo |
| 38 | Shaw et al. (46) | F | 38 y | An abortion 11 mo ago | Pulmonary tuberculosis | Oliguria and leg edema | 382 | Uterus | Stomach | NA | 3.63 | Surgery | Alive at 15 mo |
| 39 | Hyun et al. (47) | F | 38 | Molar pregnancy history 4 y ago | Hydatidiform mole and asymptomatic recurrent pneumothorax | NA | NA | Uterus | Lung | NA | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 22 mo |
| 40 | Pessanha et al. (48) | M | 14 | None | Tyrosinemia type I, HCC, Budd-Chiari Syndrome with partial occlusion of the hepatic veins and micronodular hepatic cirrhosis | Weight loss, minor edema of the lower limbs, moderate gynecomastia, and morning nausea | 1,984 | Liver | Lung | 6.7 | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 11 y |
| 41 | Chen et al. (49) | F | 43 | Term delivery 3 y ago | Ectopic pregnancy | Low abdomen pain | 5,241 | NA | Liver, lungs, marrow cavity, thoracic vertebra and brain | 5.8 | 6.4 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 32 mo |
| 42 | Kohler et al. (50) | M | 64 y | None | NA | Abdomen pain and intra-abdominal bleeding | >5,000 | Liver | Lungs and iliacal lymph nodes | 14.5 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Died at 6 mo |
| 43 | Dlewati et al. (51) | F | 54 | NA | Hypertension and ischemic stroke | Dyspnea, cough, and intermittent hemoptysis | 98,138 | Lung | Right breast and brain | 4.8 | 3.1 | Surgery + chemotherapy + radiotherapy | NA |
| 44 | Dasgupta et al. (52) | M | 29 | None | NA | A lump on the neck | 18 | Testicle | Cervical lymph node | 4.8 | NA | Surgery | NA |
| 45 | Huang et al. (53) | F | 32 | Molar pregnancy 7 mo ago | Hydatidiform mole and GTD | NA | 17,094 | Uterus | Anterior pelvic peritoneal wall | NA | 4.7 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 30 mo |
| 46 | Chatterjee et al. (54) | F | 41 | Molar pregnancy history | NA | Headache and left eye pain | 7,062 | NA | Endocranium | 3.5 | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 3 y |
| 47 | Zhou et al. (55) | F | 66 | NA | NA | Abdominal discomfort | 795.14 | Stomach | Liver | 2.0 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy + radiotherapy | Died at 8 mo |
| 48 | Matsuo et al. (56) | F | 46 | Term delivery 5 y ago | NA | Hemoptysis | 132 | NA | Lung | 4 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 8 mo |
| 49 | Røge et al. (57) | M | 71 | None | Concurrent goserelin-treated metastasized prostate adenocarcinoma | Back pain | NA | Mediastinum | Lungs | 5.5 | NA | Surgery | Died |
| 50 | Kazemi et al. (58) | F | 49 | Gravida 2, para 2 | Asthma, pulmonary edema, and hyperlipidemia | Cough and right upper quadrant pain | 79,000 | NA | Liver and lungs | NA | NA | Chemotherapy + target therapy | Died |
| 51 | Pan et al. (59) | M | 19 | None | NA | Chest pain and occasional cough | >200,000 | Mediastinum | Lungs, brain, liver, spleen, kidney, and skeletal | 8.8 | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Died at 4 mo |
| 52 | Kamata et al. (60) | M | 70 | None | NA | Cough | NA | Lung | NA | 3.8 | 6.5 | Surgery | Alive at 2 y |
| 53 | Iijima et al. (61) | F | 45 | Molar pregnancy history 6 y ago | Hydatidiform mole | Irregular vaginal bleeding | 482.8 | Uterus | Lung | NA | 9.57 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 7 y |
| 54 | Horotsu et al. (62) | M | 78 | None | NA | NA | 120 | Stomach | Liver | 3 | 5.4 | Surgery + chemotherapy | Died at 10 mo |
| 55 | Rehman et al. (63) | M | 50 | None | NA | Painful bilateral gynaecomastia | 3,756 | Mediastinum | Lung | NA | NA | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 3 y |
| 56 | Guo et al. (64) | F | 61 | Term delivery at 31 y | NA | Vaginal bleeding | 9273.9 | Vagina | Lung | 3 | Poor FDG avidity | Surgery + chemotherapy | Alive at 4 y |