Table 7.

Characteristics of the studies evaluating fish intake, n-3 LC-PUFA intake and fish oil supplements and risk of metabolic syndrome

Author	Outcomes	Type of study	Exposure	Results	Conclusion
Karimi et al., 2020 Nutrition, Metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases	Metabolic syndrome	SR and MA 10 cross-sectional studies 6 cohort studies	Fish intake, highest versus lowest	An inverse association between fish intake and risk of MetS OR 0.80 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.96) in cohort studies No association between fish intake an risk of MetS OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.02) in cross-sectional studies
Kim et al., 2021 Nutrients	Metabolic syndrome	7 cross-sectional studies 2 cohort studies	Fish intake or n-3 LC-PUFA, highest versus lowest intake	RR 0.71 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.87) highest versus lowest fish intake and RR 0.94 (95% CI 0.90 to 0.98) one serving/week increment. RR 0.58 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.70) highest versus lowest n-3 FA intake and RR 0.88 (95% CI 0.85 to 0.92) every 100 mg/day increment. OR 0.85 (95% CI 0.59 to 1.22) and n-3 LC-PUFA intake OR 0.94 (95% CI 0.79 to 1.12)	An inverse association between fish consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome in cohorts An inverse association between n-3 LC-PUFA intake and risk of metabolic syndrome n cohorts No association between fish intake and n-3 LC-PUFA intake and risk of metabolic syndrome in cross sectional studies

SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; SR, systematic review; MA, meta-analysis; RCT, randomized controlled trial; OR, Odds ratio; RR, Relative risk/Risk ratio.