Table 1.
Characteristics of the patients in the training cohort
|
|
GP group (n = 460)
|
PP group (n = 131)
|
P value
|
| Sex | 0.710 | ||
| Male, n (%) | 351 (76.3) | 102 (77.9) | |
| Female, n (%) | 109 (23.7) | 29 (22.1) | |
| Age (yr), median (IQR) | 63.0 (21.0) | 65.0 (16.0) | 0.020 |
| Height (cm), median (IQR) | 170.0 (11.0) | 170.0 (11.0) | 0.126 |
| Weight (kg), median (IQR) | 70.0 (15.3) | 65.0 (20.0) | 0.006 |
| BMI (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 22.0 (5.0) | 21.0 (7.0) | 0.008 |
| Smoke, n (%) | 130 (28.3) | 46 (35.1) | 0.089 |
| Drink, n (%) | 76 (16.5) | 23 (17.6) | 0.717 |
| Previous UGIB history, n (%) | 125 (27.2) | 48 (36.6) | 0.036 |
| Etiology, n (%) | |||
| Peptic ulcer | 323 (72.2) | 47 (35.9) | < 0.001 |
| EGVB | 43 (9.3) | 47 (35.9) | < 0.001 |
| UGIC | 29 (6.3) | 23 (17.5) | < 0.001 |
| Acute erosive hemorrhagic gastritis | 30 (6.5) | 4 (3.1) | 0.197 |
| Mallory-Weiss syndrome | 17 (3.7) | 2 (1.5) | 0.337 |
| Dieulafoy’s disease | 6 (1.3) | 2 (1.5) | 1.000 |
| Bleeding due to endoscopic operations | 2 (0.4) | 1 (0.8) | 1.000 |
| Biliary bleeding | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 0.049 |
| Pancreatic bleeding | 0 | 1 (0.8) | 0.222 |
| Polyp bleeding | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Hypertension | 202 (43.9) | 64 (48.9) | 0.316 |
| Diabetes | 108 (23.5) | 39 (29.8) | 0.142 |
| Coronary atherosclerotic heart disease | 81 (17.6) | 21 (16.0) | 0.673 |
| Chronic liver disease | 71 (15.4) | 43 (32.8) | < 0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 48 (10.4) | 44 (33.6) | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory disease | 22 (4.9) | 11 (8.4) | 0.112 |
| Gallstones | 15 (3.3%) | 11 (8.4%) | 0.011 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 26 (5.7) | 9 (6.9) | 0.602 |
| Hematologic disease | 2 (0.4) | 0 | 1.000 |
| Autoimmune disease | 3 (0.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.074 |
| Cerebral infarction | 46 (10.0) | 25 (19.1) | 0.005 |
| Stroke | 50 (10.9) | 26 (19.8) | 0.007 |
| Malignancy | 49 (10.7) | 42 (32.1) | < 0.001 |
| Multi-organ failure | 8 (1.7) | 10 (7.6) | 0.001 |
| Heart failure | 89 (19.3) | 26 (19.8) | 0.899 |
| Liver failure | 46 (10.0) | 47 (35.9) | < 0.001 |
| Renal failure | 24 (5.2) | 9 (6.9) | 0.467 |
| Respiratory failure | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | 0.049 |
| Helicobacter pylori infection, n (%) | 155 (33.7) | 22 (16.8) | 0.490 |
| Drugs, n (%) | |||
| Antiplatelet drugs | 107 (23.3) | 28 (21.4) | 0.641 |
| Anticoagulants | 5 (1.1) | 3 (2.3) | 0.533 |
| Glucocorticoids | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 1.000 |
| NSAIDS | 5 (1.1) | 4 (3.1) | 0.224 |
| Operation, n (%) | |||
| Surgery | 30 (6.5) | 15 (11.5) | 0.061 |
| EMR or ESD | 4 (0.9) | 0 | 0.580 |
| Time from symptom onset to admission (h), median (IQR) | 24.0 (65.0) | 12.0 (70.0) | 0.033 |
| Symptoms at admission, n (%) | |||
| Haematemesis | 184 (40.0) | 90 (68.7) | < 0.001 |
| Black stool | 367 (79.8) | 89 (67.9) | 0.004 |
| Abdominal pain | 156 (33.9) | 41 (31.3) | 0.575 |
| Palpitations | 192 (41.7) | 89 (67.9) | < 0.001 |
| Amaurosis | 40 (8.7) | 20 (15.3) | 0.028 |
| Syncope | 38 (8.3) | 15 (11.5) | 0.260 |
| Sweat | 94 (20.4) | 44 (33.6) | 0.002 |
| Altered mental status | 3 (0.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.074 |
| Body signs at admission | |||
| Pulse, median (IQR) | 84.0 (13.8) | 95.0 (27.0) | < 0.001 |
| SBP, median (IQR) | 124.0 (22.0) | 120.0 (30.0) | 0.011 |
| DBP, median (IQR) | 74.0 (14.0) | 68.0 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
| Anemia appearance, n (%) | 201 (43.7) | 99 (75.6) | < 0.001 |
| Abdominal tenderness, n (%) | 63 (13.7) | 23 (17.6) | 0.269 |
| Laboratory findings at admission | |||
| RBC, ×1012/L, median (IQR) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| WBC, ×109/L, median (IQR) | 9.0 (4.0) | 9.0 (6.0) | 0.952 |
| Neutrophil, ×109/L, median (IQR) | 6.0 (5.0) | 6.0 (6.0) | 0.141 |
| Lymphocyte, ×109/L, median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.00) | 1.0 (1.0) | < 0.001 |
| MCV (fl), median (IQR) | 92.0 (7.0) | 90.0 (12.0) | 0.012 |
| HCT, median (IQR) | 31.0 (12.0) | 25.0 (11.0) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L), median (IQR) | 104.0 (43.0) | 81.0 (39.0) | < 0.001 |
| PLT (×109/L), median (IQR) | 215.0 (107.0) | 174.0 (153.0) | < 0.001 |
| Reticulocyte (×109/L), median (IQR) | 89.0 (60.0) | 110.0 (92.0) | 0.219 |
| CRP, median (IQR) | 2.0 (4.0) | 3.0 (16.0) | < 0.001 |
| PT (s), median (IQR) | 12.0 (1.0) | 13.0 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| INR, median (IQR) | 1.0 (0) | 1.0 (0) | 0.002 |
| Fibrinogen (g/L), median (IQR) | 2.0 (1.0) | 2.0 (1.0) | 0.002 |
| D-dimer (mg/L), median (IQR) | 0 (1.0) | 1.0 (3.0) | < 0.001 |
| Albumin (g/L), median (IQR) | 37.0 (8.0) | 30.0 (8.0) | < 0.001 |
| Urea (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 9.0 (8.0) | 10.0 (10.0) | 0.250 |
| Creatinine (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 79.0 (31.0) | 75.0 (37.0) | 0.040 |
| Serum iron (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 10.0 (12.0) | 8.0 (9.0) | 0.030 |
| Ferritin (μg/L), median (IQR) | 107.5 (188.5) | 115.0 (253.5) | 0.947 |
| Timing of endoscopy after admission (d), median (IQR) | 36.0 (56.0) | 12.0 (31.0) | < 0.001 |
| Endoscopic appearance, n (%) | |||
| Dark spots | 25 (5.4) | 14 (10.7) | 0.033 |
| Bleeding | 80 (17.4) | 61 (46.6) | < 0.001 |
| Adherent thrombosis | 144 (31.3) | 91 (69.5) | < 0.001 |
| Visible vessels | 97 (21.1) | 68 (51.9) | < 0.001 |
| Lesion diameter ≥ 2 cm | 54 (11.7) | 25 (19.1) | 0.001 |
| SRH | 192 (41.7) | 109 (83.2) | < 0.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | |||
| Blood transfusion | 74 (16.1) | 92 (70.2) | < 0.001 |
| Proton pump inhibitor | 459 (99.8) | 131 (100.0) | 1.000 |
| Somatostatin and its analogs | 328 (71.3) | 121 (92.4) | < 0.001 |
| Endoscopic treatment | 110 (23.9) | 75 (57.3) | < 0.001 |
| Local injection of Adrenaline | 17 (3.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.934 |
| Thermocoagulation | 47 (10.2) | 23 (17.6) | 0.022 |
| Local injection of a sclerosing agent | 25 (5.4) | 35 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
| Ligation | 24 (5.2) | 33 (25.2) | < 0.001 |
| Titanium clip | 39 (8.5) | 24 (18.3) | 0.001 |
| Rebleeding, n (%) | 15 (3.3) | 26 (19.8) | < 0.001 |
GP: Good prognosis; PP: Poor prognosis; IQR: Interquartile ranges; UGIB: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding; EGVB: Esophageal and gastric variceal bleeding; UGIC: Upper gastrointestinal carcinoma; BMI: Body mass index; NSAIDS: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; ESD: Endoscopic submucosal dissection; EMR: Endoscopic mucosal resection; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; MCV: Mean corpuscular volume; HCT: Hematocrit; PLT: Platelet; CRP: C reactive protein; PT: Prothrombin time; INR: International normalized ratio; SRH: Stigmata of recent hemorrhage.