Table 1.
Bacterial producers of microbiota‐related metabolites and their signaling pathways involved in IHD.
| Human gut bacterial producers [18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23] | Gut microbiota‐related metabolites | Potential receptors and molecular pathways linking gut microbial metabolites to IHD |
|---|---|---|
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Coriobacteriales|f_Coriobacteriaceae|g_Collinsella|s_Collinsella aerofaciens | Trimethylamine N‐oxide | Receptors: TAAR5 [24]; PERK [25], and so on |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides caccae | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides ovatus | Pathways: Atherosclerosis [26]; Thrombosis [27]; Inflammatory regulation [28]; Cardiorenal fibrosis [29], and so on | |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium asparagiforme | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium hathewayi | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium sporogenes | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_Eubacteriaceae|g_Eubacterium|s_Eubacterium rectale | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_Not assigned|g_Anaerococcus|s_Anaerococcus hydrogenalis | ||
| p_Proteobacteria|c_Gammaproteobacteria|o_Enterobacteriales|f_Enterobacteriaceae|g_Edwardsiella|s_Edwardsiella tarda | ||
| p_Proteobacteria|c_Gammaproteobacteria|o_Enterobacteriales|f_Enterobacteriaceae|g_Escherichia|s_Escherichia fergusonii | ||
| p_Proteobacteria|c_Gammaproteobacteria|o_Enterobacteriales|f_Enterobacteriaceae|g_Proteus|s_Proteus penneri | ||
| p_Proteobacteria|c_Gammaproteobacteria|o_Enterobacteriales|f_Enterobacteriaceae|g_Providencia|s_Providencia rettgeri | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides fragilis | Short‐chain fatty acids | Receptors: GPR41/43 [30]; Olfr78 [31], and so on |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | Pathways: Inflammatory modulation [32]; Myocardial regeneration [33]; Blood pressure homeostasis [34], and so on | |
| p_Firmicutes|c_Negativicutes|o_Selenomonadales|f_Acidaminococcaceae|g_Phascolarctobacterium|s_Phascolarctobacterium succinatutens | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Negativicutes|o_Selenomonadales|f_Veillonellaceae|g_ Dialister|s_Dialister succinatiphilus | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Negativicutes|o_Selenomonadales|f_Veillonellaceae|g_ Veillonella|s_Veillonella parvula | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Negativicutes|o_Selenomonadales|f_Veillonellaceae|g_Megasphaera|s_Megasphaera elsdenii | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Negativicutes|o_Selenomonadales|f_Veillonellaceae|g_Selenomonas|s_Selenomonas ruminantium | ||
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Bifidobacteriales|f_Bifidobacteriaceae|g_Bifidobacterium|s_Bifidobacterium adolescentis | Bile acids | Receptors: TGR5 [35]/FXR [36]/LXR [37], and so on |
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Bifidobacteriales|f_Bifidobacteriaceae|g_Bifidobacterium|s_Bifidobacterium bifidum | ||
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Bifidobacteriales|f_Bifidobacteriaceae|g_Bifidobacterium|s_Bifidobacterium longum | ||
| Pathways: Lipid metabolism regulation [38]; Glucose/Insulin homeostasis [39]; Immunity [40], and so on | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides fragilis | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides vulgatus | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Bacilli|o_Bacillales|f_Listeriaceae|g_Listeria|s_Listeria monocytogenes | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Bacilli|o_Lactobacillales|f_Lactobacillaceae|g_Lactobacillus|s_Lactobacillus acidophilus | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Bacilli|o_Lactobacillales|f_Lactobacillaceae|g_Lactobacillus|s_Lactobacillus johnsonii | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Bacilli|o_Lactobacillales|f_Lactobacillaceae|g_Lactobacillus|s_Lactobacillus plantarum | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium perfringens | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides caccae | Lipopolysaccharide | Receptors: TLR2/4 [41]/9 [42], and so on |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides dorei | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides fragilis | Pathways: Proinflammation [42]; Vascularly functional homeostasis, and so on | |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides ovatus | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides uniformis | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides vulgatus | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Prevotellaceae|g_Prevotella|s_Prevotella copri | ||
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Coriobacteriales|f_ Coriobacteriaceae|g_Collinsella|s_ Collinsella intestinalis | Phenylacetylglutamine | Receptors: ADRA2A/ADRA2B/ADRB2 [43], and so on |
| p_Actinobacteria|c_Not assigned|o_Coriobacteriales|f_ Coriobacteriaceae|g_Collinsella|s_Collinsella aerofaciens | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides caccae | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides cellulosilyticus | Pathways: Atherosclerosis [43]; Thrombosis [43], and so on | |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides ovatus | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Bacteroidaceae|g_Bacteroides|s_Bacteroides uniformis | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_ Rikenellaceae|g_ Alistipes|s_Alistipes indistinctus | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Bacilli|o_Bacillales|f_ Staphylococcaceae|g_Staphylococcus|s_Staphylococcus aureus | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium asparagiforme | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_ Clostridiaceae|g_Clostridium|s_Clostridium hathewayi | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Muribaculaceae|g_Barnesiella|s_uncultured Barnesiella sp. | p‐Cresol sulfate, Indoxyl sulfate | Receptors: AHRs [44], and so on |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Muribaculaceae|g_Duncaniella|s_uncaniella dubosii | Pathways: Kidney loss of function [45]; ROS production [46], proinflammation [47], and so on | |
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Muribaculaceae|g_Muribaculum|s_uncultured Muribaculum sp. | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Muribaculaceae|g_Unknown|s_uncultured Muribaculaceae bacterium sp. | ||
| p_Bacteroidetes|c_Bacteroidia|o_Bacteroidales|f_Odoribacteraceae|g_Culturomica|s_Culturomica sp. | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales incertae sedis|f_Clostridiales family XIII Incertae Sedis|g_Aminipila|s_Aminipila butyrica | ||
| p_Firmicutes|c_Clostridia|o_Clostridiales|f_Lachnospiraceae|g_Anaerobium|s_Anaerobium sp. | ||
| p_Proteobacteria|c_Betaproteobacteria|o_Burkholderiales|f_Sutterellaceae|g_Turicimonas|s_Turicimonas muris |
Abbreviations: ADR, adrenoceptor; AHR, acryl hydrocarbon receptor; c_, class; f_, family; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; g_, genuss; GPR41/43, G‐protein‐coupled receptor 41/43; IHD, ischemic heart disease; LXR, liver X receptor; o_, order; Olfr78, olfactory receptor 78; p_, phylum; PERK, protein kinase R (PKR)‐like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; s_, species; TAAR5, trace amine‐associated receptor 5; TGR5, G‐protein‐coupled bile acid receptor 1; TLR2/4/9, Toll‐like receptor 2/4/8.