Table 2.

Logistic Regression Analyses of the Associations between Demographic Characteristics, Violence Experiences and Self-Reported Depression, Anxiety, and Substance Use to Cope Among Youth in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda

	Depression		Anxiety		Substance use to cope
	OR	AOR	OR	AOR	OR	AOR
Sex  Male  Female	1.00 1.27 [0.99, 1.61]	1.00 1.17 [0.90, 1.53]	1.00 1.09 [0.83, 1.44]	1.00 0.91 [0.67, 1.22]	1.00 0.96 [0.76, 1.23]	1.00 0.74 [0.56, 0.98]
Age	1.21 [1.14, 1.30]	1.19 [1.10, 1.29]	1.24 [1.15, 1.34]	1.19 [1.10, 1.30]	1.25 [1.16, 1.34]	1.22 [1.12, 1.33]
Education  No primary  Completed primary  Completed secondary school or higher	1.00 1.08 [0.84, 1.40] 0.73 [0.48, 1.12]	1.00 0.91 [0.68, 1.21] 0.60 [0.37, 0.95]	1.00 1.03 [0.77, 1.39] 0.97 [0.59, 1.58]	1.00 0.85 [0.61, 1.18] 0.76 [0.45, 1.29]	1.00 0.76 [0.59, 0.99] 0.69 [0.44, 1.08]	1.00 0.59 [0.43, 0.79] 0.56 [0.34, 0.92]
Orphan status  Both parents alive  One parent dead  Both parents dead	1.00 1.26 [0.97, 1.65] 2.05 [1.48, 2.83]	1.00 1.12 [0.84, 1.50] 1.72 [1.21, 2.45]	1.00 1.28 [0.94, 1.73] 2.42 [1.60, 3.65]	1.00 1.14 [0.83, 1.56] 2.06 [1.34, 3.17]	1.00 1.95 [1.47, 2.59] 2.51 [1.82, 3.46]	1.00 1.74 [1.28, 2.37] 2.12 [1.48, 3.02]
Witnessed family violence  Yes  No	2.86 [2.15, 3.81] 1.00	1.79 [1.29, 2.48] 1.00	1.81 [1.30, 2.53] 1.00	1.28 [0.87, 1.88] 1.00	1.96 [1.51, 2.56] 1.00	1.27 [0.92, 1.75] 1.00
Parental abuse of youth  Yes  No	3.21 [2.46, 4.20] 1.00	2.32 [1.71, 3.15] 1.00	2.04 [1.49, 2.79] 1.00	1.58 [1.10, 2.25] 1.00	2.34 [1.82, 3.01] 1.00	1.84 [1.37, 2.48] 1.00
Any Rape history  Yes  No	1.94 [1.48, 2.54] 1.00	1.33 [0.98, 1.80] 1.00	2.59 [1.82, 3.70] 1.00	1.96 [1.34, 2.87] 1.00	2.72 [2.09, 3.54] 1.00	2.23 [1.65, 3.00] 1.00
Dating violence victimization  Yes  No	4.34 [2.79, 6.73] 1.00	2.52 [1.58, 4.02] 1.00	3.22 [1.85, 5.58] 1.00	1.90 [1.07, 3.39] 1.00	4.33 [3.02, 6.22] 1.00	2.69 [1.82, 3.97] 1.00

Note. N = 1,134. OR = odds ratios; AOR = adjusted odds ratios; 95% confidence intervals displayed with brackets. Referent category is the absence of self-reported depression, anxiety, and substance use to cope, respectively.

Statistically significant associations (α = .05) are bolded.

Overall model fit statistics

Model 1: self-reported depression was the outcome, witnessed family violence, experiencing direct physical abuse by a parent, any rape history, and dating violence were independent variables of interest, orphan status was a covariate, and sex, age, and education level were control variables. Score test (χ² = 157.65, df = 10, p < .0001); Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ² = 10.07, df = 8, p = .26)

Model 2: self-reported anxiety was the outcome, witnessed family violence, experiencing direct physical abuse by a parent, any rape history, and dating violence were independent variables of interest, orphan status was a covariate, and sex, age, and education level were control variables. Score test (χ² = 85.79, df = 10, p < .0001); Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ² = 7.30, df = 8, p = .51)

Model 3: self-reported use of substances to cope was the outcome, witnessed family violence, experiencing direct physical abuse by a parent, any rape history, and dating violence were independent variables of interest, orphan status was a covariate, and sex, age, and education level were control variables. Score test (χ² = 182.46, df = 10, p < .0001); Hosmer-Lemeshow test (χ² = 14.93, df = 8, p = .06)