Figure 1.

Microbial structures that contribute to resistance and virulence. The direct influence of gut microbes on the host can be attributed to the fundamental structures that lead to resistance and virulence such as flagella and fimbriae, capsule, spore, and biofilm, which facilitate the survival and activity of trillions of bacteria in the human intestine. Specific microbial structures can help microbes attach human cells or receptors which further activates various signaling pathways. Besides this, they may carry antibiotic resistance and virulence factors, as well as various metabolites and other disease‐relevant molecules