Table 1.

Contents of effective Chinese herbal medicine ingredients increased after microbial fermentation.

Herbs/herb formula	Microorganism	Increased bioactive natural products	Pharmacological effects	References
Hwangryun‐haedok‐tang	Lactobacillus curvatus	Baicalin	Ovariectomy‐induced bone loss ↓	[48]
Condonpsis lanceolata	Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Leuconostoc mesenteroides	Gallic acid and vanillic acid	Neuroprotective effect ↑ Cognitive enhancing activity ↑	[49]
Artemisia princeps Pampanini	Lactobacillus plantarum	Catechol and seco‐tanapartholide C	Anti‐inflammatory activity ↑	[50]
Panax notoginseng	Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, L. acidophilus	Ginsenoside Rg3 and Rh1	Anti‐hepatocarcinoma activity ↑	[51]
Astragalus membranaceus	Enterococcus faecium, L. plantarum	Astragalus polysaccharide, total saponins, and flavonoids	Not determined	[52]
Polygonum cuspidatum	Aspergillus niger, yeast	Resveratrol	Not determined	[53]
Radix astragali	Aspergillus oryzae	3,4‐Di(4′‐hydroxyphenyl) isobutyric acid	Antioxidant activity ↑	[54]
Red ginseng (the steamed ginseng)	Phellinus linteus	Ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, and Rg2	Skin permeability ↑	[55]
	Lactobacillus brevis	Ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, Rk1, compound K, Rh1, F2, Rg2, and flavonoids	Antiwrinkle efficacy ↑ Skin sensitization ↓	[56]
	L. plantarum	Ginsenoside Rd and total phenolic	Antioxidant activities ↑	[57]
	Lactobacillus paracasei, B. longum	Ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh1, Rh2, and Rg2	Ovalbumin‐induced inflammation ↓	[58]
Panax ginseng	Ganoderma lucidum mycelium	Polysaccharides	Immunological activity ↑	[59]
	Lactobacillus fermentum	Rare ginsenosides (Rg2, Rg3, Rh1, Rh2, F2, and Ro)	Hyperlipidemia ↓ liver injury ↓	[60]
Dendrobium officinale	Bacillus sp. DU‐106	Polysaccharides with high proportion of mannose	Immunoregulatory activities ↑	[61]