Figure 1.

Gut microbiota‐associated metabolites. Gut microbiota contributes to the production of bioactive compounds, including short‐chain fatty acids, bile acids, amino acids, and TMAO‐associated metabolites such as TMAO, trimethyllysine, and N,N,N‐trimethyl‐5‐aminovaleric acid. Post dietary consumption, gut microbiota aids in generating metabolite precursors. Once these precursors enter the circulation, hepatic enzymes facilitate further metabolism, ultimately leading to the release of metabolites such as bile acid and TMAO into the circulatory system. Succinate is produced by certain gut bacteria as a metabolic byproduct. The presence of dietary fiber in the diet promotes the growth and activity of these bacteria, which in turn leads to increased production of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including succinate. Succinate plays a crucial role in oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, energy metabolism and other cellular processes. ROS, reactive oxygen species; TMAO, trimethylamine N‐oxide.