Table 1. Participant demographics, SARS-CoV-2 exposures and risk behaviors, and ANC test results.
| Chadiza | Chipata | Chongwe | Lusaka | Total | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1616 | n = 2099 | n = 2441 | n = 2148 | N = 8304 | ||||||
| n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
| Age, median (IQR) | 22 | (19–28) | 25 | (21–30) | 24 | (20–30) | 26 | (22–30) | 25 | (20–30) |
| 15–19 | 438 | (27.1) | 369 | (17.6) | 518 | (21.2) | 210 | (9.8) | 1535 | (18.5) |
| 20–29 | 760 | (47.0) | 1190 | (56.7) | 1300 | (53.3) | 1297 | (60.4) | 4547 | (54.8) |
| 30–39 | 251 | (15.5) | 481 | (22.9) | 531 | (21.8) | 576 | (26.8) | 1839 | (22.1) |
| 40–49 | 26 | (1.6) | 43 | (2.0) | 90 | (3.7) | 57 | (2.7) | 216 | (2.6) |
| Unknown | 141 | (8.7) | 16 | (0.8) | 2 | (0.1) | 8 | (0.4) | 167 | (2.0) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| No education | 377 | (23.3) | 171 | (8.1) | 77 | (3.2) | 31 | (1.4) | 656 | (7.9) |
| Some primary | 779 | (48.2) | 518 | (24.7) | 809 | (33.1) | 413 | (19.2) | 2519 | (30.3) |
| Completed primary | 133 | (8.2) | 553 | (26.3) | 608 | (24.9) | 337 | (15.7) | 1631 | (19.6) |
| Some secondary | 200 | (12.4) | 612 | (29.2) | 732 | (30.0) | 805 | (37.5) | 2349 | (28.3) |
| Completed secondary or higher | 123 | (7.6) | 240 | (11.4) | 215 | (8.8) | 559 | (26.0) | 1137 | (13.7) |
| Unknown | 4 | (0.2) | 5 | (0.2) | 0 | (0.0) | 3 | (0.1) | 12 | (0.1) |
| Occupation | ||||||||||
| Farmer | 1383 | (85.6) | 443 | (21.1) | 602 | (24.7) | 10 | (0.5) | 2438 | (24.9) |
| Daily laborer/pieceworker | 8 | (0.5) | 78 | (3.7) | 325 | (13.3) | 64 | (3.0) | 475 | (5.7) |
| Merchant/shop owner | 12 | (0.7) | 56 | (2.7) | 55 | (2.3) | 108 | (5.0) | 231 | (2.8) |
| Health worker | 8 | (0.5) | 16 | (0.8) | 6 | (0.2) | 13 | (0.6) | 43 | (0.5) |
| Government employee/civil servant | 27 | (1.7) | 47 | (2.2) | 17 | (0.7) | 88 | (4.1) | 179 | (2.2) |
| Private sector employee | 6 | (0.4) | 31 | (1.5) | 25 | (1.0) | 145 | (6.8) | 207 | (2.5) |
| Hawker/market seller | 14 | (0.9) | 142 | (6.8) | 164 | (6.7) | 241 | (11.2) | 561 | (6.8) |
| Student | 89 | (5.5) | 95 | (4.5) | 79 | (3.2) | 111 | (5.2) | 374 | (4.5) |
| Unemployed | 63 | (3.9) | 996 | (47.5) | 1088 | (44.6) | 1195 | (55.6) | 3342 | (40.2) |
| Other occupation | 1 | (0.1) | 162 | (7.7) | 54 | (2.2) | 162 | (7.5) | 379 | (4.6) |
| Unknown | 5 | (0.3) | 33 | (1.6) | 26 | (1.1) | 11 | (0.5) | 75 | (0.9) |
| Prior COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| No | 1565 | (96.8) | 2031 | (96.8) | 2375 | (97.3) | 2054 | (95.6) | 8025 | (96.8) |
| Yes | 42 | (2.6) | 42 | (2.0) | 31 | (1.3) | 64 | (3.0) | 179 | (2.2) |
| Unknown | 9 | (0.6) | 26 | (1.2) | 35 | (1.4) | 30 | (1.4) | 100 | (1.2) |
| Household COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| No | 1573 | (97.3) | 2014 | (96.0) | 2276 | (93.2) | 1983 | (92.3) | 7846 | (94.5) |
| Yes | 36 | (2.2) | 49 | (2.3) | 48 | (2.0) | 137 | (6.4) | 270 | (3.3) |
| Unknown | 7 | (0.4) | 36 | (1.7) | 117 | (4.8) | 28 | (1.3) | 188 | (2.3) |
| Close COVID-19 contact† | ||||||||||
| No | 1439 | (89.0) | 1953 | (93.0) | 1993 | (81.6) | 1862 | (86.7) | 7247 | (87.3) |
| Yes | 30 | (1.9) | 52 | (2.5) | 62 | (2.5) | 176 | (8.2) | 320 | (3.9) |
| Unknown | 147 | (9.1) | 94 | (4.5) | 386 | (15.8) | 110 | (5.1) | 737 | (8.9) |
| COVID-19 vaccination‡ | ||||||||||
| No | 1089 | (67.4) | 1633 | (77.8) | 1925 | (78.9) | 1904 | (88.6) | 6551 | (78.9) |
| Yes | 511 | (31.6) | 452 | (21.5) | 486 | (19.9) | 236 | (11.0) | 1685 | (20.3) |
| Unknown | 16 | (1.0) | 14 | (0.7) | 30 | (1.2) | 8 | (0.4) | 68 | (0.8) |
| Co-infections, positive/tested | ||||||||||
| HIV | 48/1586 | (3.0) | 279/2075 | (13.4) | 215/2362 | (9.1) | 164/2008 | (8.2) | 706/8031 | (8.8) |
| Syphilis | 6/956 | (0.6) | 11/538 | (2.0) | 7/736 | (1.0) | 22/1108 | (2.0) | 46/3338 | (1.4) |
| Hepatitis B | 0/400 | (0.0) | 0/91 | (0.0) | 0/41 | (0.0) | 13/441 | (2.9) | 13/973 | (1.3) |
| Malaria | 190/1616 | (11.8) | 18/512 | (3.5) | 6/493 | (1.2) | 27/464 | (5.8) | 241/3085 | (7.8) |
| COVID-19 risk behaviors§ | n = 988 | n = 1382 | n = 1690 | n = 1334 | N = 5394 | |||||
| Mask use in public all or most of the time (self-report) | 428 | (43.3) | 398 | (28.8) | 755 | (44.7) | 1090 | (81.7) | 2671 | (49.5) |
| Proper mask use during ANC visit | 574 | (58.1) | 429 | (31.0) | 873 | (51.7) | 783 | (58.7) | 2659 | (49.3) |
| Travel outside district | 41 | (4.1) | 47 | (3.4) | 93 | (5.5) | 100 | (7.5) | 281 | (5.2) |
| Travel outside Zambia | 6 | (0.6) | 11 | (0.8) | 5 | (0.3) | 16 | (1.2) | 38 | (0.7) |
| Visit to church or mosque | 544 | (55.1) | 993 | (71.9) | 1201 | (71.1) | 886 | (66.4) | 3624 | (67.2) |
| Visit to wedding or funeral | 236 | (23.9) | 698 | (50.5) | 381 | (22.5) | 407 | (30.5) | 1722 | (31.9) |
| Visit to market or grocery store | 355 | (35.9) | 1014 | (73.4) | 1136 | (67.2) | 1081 | (81.0) | 3586 | (66.5) |
| Indoor dining | 64 | (6.5) | 437 | (31.6) | 250 | (14.8) | 352 | (26.4) | 1103 | (20.4) |
| Use of public transportation | 77 | (7.8) | 918 | (66.4) | 792 | (46.9) | 989 | (74.1) | 2776 | (51.5) |
ANC = antenatal care, IQR = interquartile range.
†Close contact defined as being within 2 meters of someone outside the household suspected or confirmed to have COVID-19 for greater than 15 minutes
‡≥1 dose of any COVID-19 vaccine
§Responses restricted to February-September 2022