Study overview with corresponding EEG hypnograms and spectrograms from a single participant. (a) Participants utilised a wireless wearable EEG device to record their pre- and post-sedation sleep at home, and high-density EEG recordings were obtained during daytime dexmedetomidine sedation with CLAS. (b, c) Representative EEG hypnograms and corresponding spectrograms from a single participant at each phase of the study. CLAS, closed-loop acoustic stimulation; N1, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stage 1; N2, NREM stage 2; N3/SWS, NREM stage 3/slow wave sleep; NS, non-scoreable epoch; R, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep; W, wakefulness.