Table 2.

Association between sleep characteristics and risk of PDAC^a

				Age-adjusted	Multivariate adjustedb	Excluding Shift Workersc	Excluding those with Diabetesd	Censored at 5 years follow-upb	Excluding those with <5 years follow-upb
Sleep Characteristics	Total	Person-Years Follow-up	PDAC Cases (n=1,079)	HR	HR	HR	HR	HR	HR
				(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)	(95% CI)
Sleep Duration
Sleep <7 hours	116,835	1,225,177	272	1.08	1.03	1.02	1.02	0.96	1.07
				(0.94–1.24)	(0.90–1.19)	(0.88–1.18)	(0.87–1.18)	(0.75–1.23)	(0.90–1.27)
Sleep 7-<9 hours	319,223	3,362,315	698	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sleep ≥9 hours	35,598	366,741	102	1.11	1.00	1.03	1.10	1.01	0.99
				(0.90–1.37)	(0.81–1.24)	(0.83–1.28)	(0.88–1.37)	(0.70–1.45)	(0.77–1.29)
Chronotype
Definitely “morning”	113,904	1,191,404	256	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
More “morning” than “evening”	148,890	1,563,828	336	1.05	1.08	1.09	1.11	1.23	1.01
				(0.90–1.23)	(0.92–1.26)	(0.93–1.29)	(0.94–1.31)	(0.93–1.63)	(0.83–1.23)
More “evening” than “morning”	119,512	1,255,338	276	1.14	1.08	1.08	1.12	1.22	1.02
				(0.96–1.35)	(0.91–1.28)	(0.90–1.29)	(0.93–1.34)	(0.90–1.64)	(0.83–1.25)
Definitely “evening”	37,996	397,529	81	1.17	0.99	0.99	1.03	1.05	0.97
				(0.91–1.51)	(0.77–1.29)	(0.75–1.30)	(0.78–1.36)	(0.67–1.65)	(0.71–1.32)
P-trend				0.08	0.70	0.75	0.45	0.47	0.97
Employment/Shift Work
Employed-Mostly Daytime Work	227,979	2,439,984	353	Ref	Ref	--	Ref	Ref	Ref
Employed-Job Involves Shift Work	23,739	253,805	45	1.28	1.21	--	1.14	0.98	1.32
				(0.94–1.75)	(0.88–1.64)		(0.82–1.59)	(0.54–1.78)	(0.91–1.90)
Employed-Job Involves Night Shift Work	24,644	264,271	27	0.85	0.74	--	0.75	0.62	0.79
				(0.57–1.26)	(0.50–1.09)		(0.50–1.14)	(0.28–1.34)	(0.50–1.25)
Retired	153,498	1,559,976	563	0.96	0.97	--	0.94	0.78	1.07
				(0.82–1.12)	(0.82–1.14)		(0.80–1.12)	(0.60–1.03)	(0.88–1.31)
Unemployed	42,949	448,050	85	1.30	1.09	--	1.04	1.10	1.09
				(1.03–1.65)	(0.86–1.39)		(0.80–1.36)	(0.73–1.66)	(0.81–1.47)
Insomnia/Sleeplessness
Never/Rarely	115,604	1,218,819	254	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sometimes	226,289	2,380,323	509	0.92	0.95	0.95	0.91	1.01	0.93
				(0.79–1.07)	(0.82–1.11)	(0.81–1.11)	(0.78–1.07)	(0.78–1.32)	(0.77–1.11)
Usually	132,289	1,381,204	316	0.93	0.92	0.92	0.88	0.88	0.94
				(0.79–1.10)	(0.78–1.09)	(0.77–1.10)	(0.74–1.05)	(0.65–1.19)	(0.77–1.16)
P-trend				0.44	0.35	0.37	0.17	0.37	0.62
Snoring
No	275,726	2,902,522	576	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Yes	164,952	1,729,016	404	1.15	1.01	0.99	1.00	0.96	1.03
				(1.02–1.31)	(0.89–1.15)	(0.86–1.13)	(0.88–1.15)	(0.76–1.22)	(0.88–1.21)
Daytime Sleeping
Never/Rarely	359,301	3,789,459	790	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Sometimes	99,528	1,033,011	250	0.96	0.93	0.92	0.91	0.94	0.92
				(0.84–1.11)	(0.80–1.07)	(0.79–1.06)	(0.78–1.06)	(0.73–1.21)	(0.78–1.10)
Often/All the time	13,222	135,993	31	0.95	0.82	0.84	0.82	1.06	0.71
				(0.66–1.36)	(0.57–1.18)	(0.58–1.22)	(0.54–1.24)	(0.60–1.86)	(0.44–1.13)
P-trend				0.58	0.16	0.17	0.14	0.80	0.13

^aAnalyses used multiple imputation; sleep characteristics presented as complete case. Missing level details (PDAC cases/Participants missing sleep exposure data): Sleep Duration (7/3,630); Chronotype (130/54,984); Employment/Shift Work (6/2,477); Insomnia/Sleeplessness (0/1,104); Snoring (99/34,608); Daytime Sleeping (8/3,235).

^bCox proportional hazards models adjusted for: Age (continuous; years), Sex (binary); BMI (categorical; 5-level), Alcohol Intake (categorical; 6-level), Smoking Status, Duration, and Frequency (categorical; 21-level), Race (binary), Diabetes Status (binary), and Employment/Shift Work (categorical; 5-level) except in models of Employment/Shift Work.

^cExcluding shift workers; cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates in b.

^dExcluding participants with diabetes; cox proportional hazards models adjusted for covariates in b, except Diabetes Status (binary).