Table 1.
Cross-resistance pattern in veterinary trypanosomes with laboratory-generated drug resistance.
| Drug resistance developed | Species | Type of study | Drugs cross-resistant to | Drugs not cross-resistant to | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melarsomine | T. evansi | In vivo (mice) | Diminazene and pentamidine | Suramin, isometamidium | Osman et al. (1992) |
| T. evansi | In vitro | Diminazene and Arsobal | Suramin and antrycide | Ross and Barns, 1996 | |
| T. brucei | In vivo (mice) | Melarsoprol | Suramin | Scott et al., 1996 | |
| T. brucei | In vivo (mice) | Melarsoprol (in vivo only), trimelarsen, melarsen oxide diminazene, pentamidine | Melarsoprol in vitro | Scott et al. (1997) | |
|
T. evansi |
In vitro and in vivo |
Downregulation of diminazene transporter P2/AT1 |
Suswam et al. (2001) |
||
| Tryparsamide |
T. evansi |
In vivo |
Oxophenarsine |
All others |
Gill (1971) |
| Diminazene | T. evansi | In vivo | Melarsomine | Zhang et al. (1993) | |
| T. brucei | In vitro | Pentamidine, furamidine, and melarsomine | Isometamidium, AN7973 and SCYX7158. | Teka et al. (2011) | |
|
T. congolense |
In vitro |
– |
Isometamidium, AN7973 and SCYX7158. |
Carruthers et al. (2021) |
|
| Stilbamidine (diamidine) |
T. evansi |
In vivo |
Oxophenarsine (aromatic arsenical), Melarsoprol, MsB, acriflavine, tryparsamide, diminazene, and metamidium |
Quinapyramine, suramin |
Gill (1971) |
| Isometamidium | T. congolense | Diminazene, homidium chloride, quinapyramine sulphate | Diminazene | Peregrine et al., 1997 | |
| T. brucei | In vitro | Ethidium bromide, diminazene, and pentamidine | – | Eze et al. (2016) | |
|
T. congolense |
In vivo |
– |
– |
Tihon et al. (2017) |
|
| Suramin | T. evansi | In vivo | – | Oxophenarsine (aromatic arsenical), Melarsoprol, MsB, acriflavine, tryparsamide, diminazene, metamidium, quinapyramine | Gill (1971) |
| T. evansi | In vivo | – | – | Mutugi et al. (1994) | |
| T. brucei | In vivo | – | Melarsomine | Scott et al., 1996 | |
|
T. brucei |
In vivo |
Trypan Blue |
Melarsoprol, Pentamidine |
Wiedemar et al. (2018) |
|
| Quinapyramine | T. equiperdum | In vivo | Dimidium and stilbamidine | Suramin | Ormerod et al., 1952 |
| T. evansi | In vivo | None | Oxophenarsine (aromatic arsenical), Melarsoprol, MsB, acriflavine, tryparsamide, diminazene, metamidium, suramin | Gill (1971) | |
| T. congolense | In vivo (mice) | Diminazene, isometamidium, homidium | – | Ndoutamia et al., 1993 |