Table 2.
Incidence of trypanosomal drug resistance reported by country.
| Country | Animal host | Trypanosoma spp | Drug | Diagnostic | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nigeria | Cattle | T. congolense | Homidium chloride | Test in cattle | Jones-Davies and Folkers (1966) |
| Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM | Test in cattle | Na’Isa (1967) | |
| Cattle | T. congolense | Homidium chloride | Test in mice | Joshua (1988) | |
| Cattle | T. b brucei | Homidium chloride, DA | Test in mice | Joshua (1988) | |
| Dog | T. b brucei | DA, pentamidine | Test in rats | Anene et al. (2006) | |
| Cattle | T. vivax | Homidium chloride | Test in sheep | Ogbaje et al. (2015) | |
| Cattle | T. vivax | ISM, DA, Homidium chloride | Test in sheep | Ogbaje et al. (2015) | |
| Dog | T. congolense, T. b brucei | DA, ISM | Test in mice | Obi et al. (2022) | |
| Ivory Coast | Cattle | T. congolense, T. vivax | Trypamidium, Homidium | Küpper and Wolters (1983) | |
| Burkina Faso/Upper Volta | Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM | Test in mice | Authie et al. (1984) |
| T. congolense | ISM | Test in mice | Pinder and Authie (1984) | ||
| Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM, Homidium | Test in goats and cattle | Clausen et al. (1992) | |
| Cattle | T. vivax | DA, ISM | Test in cattle | Sow et al. (2012) | |
| Cattle | T. congolense | ISM | DIIT, Standard mouse test | Knoppe et al. (2006) | |
| Senegal | Cattle | T. vivax | DA, Ethidium | Test in goat | Diaité et al. (1997) |
| Somalia | cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM, | Test in mice and cattle | Ainanshe et al. (1992) |
| T. vivax | ISM, homidium and quinapyramine | Schönefeld et al. (1987) | |||
| Kenya | T. vivax | ISM, homidium and quinapyramine | Schönefeld et al. (1987) | ||
| Camel | T. evansi | ISM, homidium and quinapyramine | Single dose RCT in mice | Mdachi et al. (2023) | |
| Camel | T. evansi | Quinapyramine prosalt, melarsomine, ISM | Test in mice | Waitumbi et al. (1994) | |
| Cattle | T. congolense | DA, Homidium | Test in mice | Okello et al. (2022a) | |
| Tanzania | Cattle | T. congolense | DA | Test in mice and cattle | Mbwambo et al., 1988 |
| Uganda | Cattle | T. brucei, T. vivax | Homidium | Test in mice, goats cattle | Olila et al. (2002) |
| Zambia | Cattle | T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax | ISM, DA | Test in mice and cattle | Sinyangwe et al. (2004) |
| Sudan | Cattle | T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax | Homidium bromide, ISM, DA | Test in goats | Mohamed-Ahmed et al. (1992) |
| Cattle | T. brucei, T. congolense, T. vivax | Homidium bromide | Test in sheep, goats and cattle | Abdel Gadir et al. (1981) | |
| Camel | T. evansi | Suramin, QPR | hypoxanthine incorporation test, in vivo drug sensitivity test, mouse | El Rayah et al. (1999) | |
| Ethiopia | Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM, Homidium | Block treatment, mouse test, BCT | Mulugeta et al. (1997) |
| cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM | Block treatment, single dose mouse test | Afewerk et al. (2000) | |
| Donkeys | T. congolense | ISM | BCT, mice | Assefa and Abebe (2001) | |
| Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM | In vivo test in mice and cattle | Chaka and Abebe (2003) | |
| Cattle, goats | T. vivax | DA, ISM | Block treatment (goats) | W/yohannes et al. (2010) | |
| Cattle | T. vivax | DA, ISM | Block treatment (cattle) | Dagnachew et al. (2015) | |
| Cattle | T.congolense, T. vivax | DA, ISM | Block treatment (cattle) | Dagnachew et al. (2017) | |
| Cattle | T.congolense, T. brucei, T. vivax | DA, ISM | Block treatment (cattle) | Degneh et al. (2019) | |
| Mozambique | cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM, Homidium | Multi-dose mouse test, BCT | Jamal et al. (2005) |
| Cattle | T. congolense | DA, ISM | Block treatment in cattle | Mulandane et al. (2018) | |
| Cameroun | cattle | T. congolense, T. b. brucei | DA, ISM | PCR-RFLP, AS-PCR, single-dose mouse test | Mamoudou et al. (2008) |
| Zambia, Zimbabwe, South Africa | Buffalo, tsetse fly | DA | PCR, MC, Mouse test | Chitanga et al. (2011) | |
| Mali | Cattle | T. congolense, T, vivax | DA, ISM | MIC | Mungube et al. (2012) |
| Togo | Cattle | T. vivax | DA, ISM | Test in goat | Boma et al. (2022) |
| French Guyana | Cattle | T. vivax | DIM | Test in cattle and sheep | Desquesnes et al. (1995) |
| China | Buffalo, horse, mule, camel | T. evansi | Suramin and Quinapyramine prosalt | Growth inhibition test, single-dose mouse test | Zhou et al. (2004) |
| Buffaloes, horses, camels, mules | T. evansi | Quinapyramine prosalt | Liao and Shen, 2010 | ||
| Philippines | Water buffaloes | T. evansi | Likely P2/AT1-related drugs | PCR showed P2/AT1 deletion | Mingala et al. (2019) |
RCT, randomised controlled trial; DA, diminazene aceturate; ISM, isometamidium chloride; two salts of Homidium are reported, Homidium chloride (Novidium); and Homidium bromide (Ethidium); Quinapyramine prosalt is reported as Antrycide in some studies.