Fig. 4. Mendelian randomization suggests a causal association between acetone and hypertension.
a, Effect estimates (betas per s.d. increase in acetone) from Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis performed under the inverse variance-weighted model are shown for the UK Biobank outcomes that were significant (P < 4.88 × 10−6) with the full (pleiotropic, n = 10 instrument SNPs, pink) or strict (non-pleiotropic, n = 4 instrument SNPs, black) set of instruments. Betas and P values are shown in Supplementary Table 15. b,c, Effect estimates (betas per s.d. increase in acetone) in Mendelian randomization analysis with hypertension as the outcome in the UK Biobank (b; 104,824 cases with hypertension, 367,542 controls) and FinnGen (c; 70,651 cases with hypertension, 223,663 controls) datasets. Single-SNP Mendelian randomization effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals are shown, with the SNPs in the strict instrument coloured blue and the other SNPs coloured pink. Mendelian randomization effect estimates are shown with pink and black diamonds for the full instrument (all ten SNPs) and strict instrument (four non-pleiotropic SNPs), respectively.