Table 3.

Arabidopsis orthologue of H. annuus and their gene expression pattern in the HaCCO gene family

Sunflower Gene ID	Arabidopsis Orthologue	Biological Process	Cellular Function	Molecular Function	Location	Gene Expression (Transcriptomic data)	Reference
HaCCD2, HaCCD4, HaCCDL9, HaCCDL10, HaCCD12	AtCCD1	carotene catabolic process, carotenoid catabolic process	is active in the chloroplast stroma	9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity, carotenoid dioxygenase activity	Chloroplast	HaCCD2 (stem and leaves), HaCCD4 (axils), HaCCDL9 (stem), HaCCDL10 (roots), HaCCD12 (highly expressed in leaves)	(Priya et al. 2017)
HaCCDL14	AtNCED2	Process of synthesizing abscisic acid that contributes to the catabolism of carotene	is active in the chloroplast stroma	enables 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity, carotenoid dioxygenase activity	Cytosol	HaCCDL14 (leaves)	(Chen et al. 2020b)
HaNCED15, HaNCED16, HaNCED19	AtNCED3	abscisic acid biosynthetic process, hyperosmotic salinity response	is active in the chloroplast stroma	enables 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity, carotenoid dioxygenase activity	Chloroplast, Cytosol	HaNCED15 (stem), HaNCED16 (leaves), HaNCED19 (axils and leaves)	(Bader et al. 2023)
HaCCD3, HaCCD6, HaCCDL7, HaCCD8, HaCCD20	AtCCD4	beta-carotene catabolic process, carotene catabolic process	is active in the chloroplast stroma	carotenoid dioxygenase activity, protein binding	Cytosol	HaCCD3 (not expressed), HaCCD6 (flower), HaCCDL7 (not expressed), HaCCD8 (leaves), HaCCD20 (highly expressed in leaves)	(Kim et al. 2022)
HaCCDL13	AtNCED6	abscisic acid biosynthetic process, response to red light, response to red or far red light	is active in the chloroplast stroma	enables 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity, carotenoid dioxygenase activity	Chloroplast	HaCCDL13 (axils)	(Wang et al. 2023b)
HaCCD17, HaCCD21, HaCCD11	AtCCD8	leaf morphogenesis, response to auxin, secondary shoot formation,	is active in the chloroplast	enables 9-cis-10’-apo-beta-carotenal cleavage oxygenase activity	Chloroplast	HaCCD17 (highly expressed in root), HaCCD21 (root), HaCCD11 (root)	(Korwin Krukowski et al. 2022)
HaNCED1, HaNCED5, HaNCED18	AtNCED9	abscisic acid biosynthetic process, involved in the carotene catabolic process	is active in the chloroplast stroma	enables 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase activity, carotenoid dioxygenase activity	Plasma membrane, E.R	HaNCED1 (axils), HaNCED5 (axils), HaNCED18 (not expressed)	(Wang et al. 2023a)