Fig. 4.

M2 macrophages expressing VEGFR2 produced TGF-β1 through the VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway. a VEGFR2 expression on induced M1 and M2 macrophages by flow cytometric analysis. b Western blot analysis showing the VEGF signaling molecules in induced M1 and M2 macrophages after stimulation by VEGF with/without selective VEGFR2 inhibitor (small molecule). c ELISA analysis showing the TGF-β1 secretion from induced M2 macrophages after stimulation by VEGF with/without selective VEGFR2 inhibitor (small molecule). *p < 0.05