Fig. 1.

Overview of the study design. A flowchart of the study design to identify cytokines associated with treatment efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy in the discovery cohort (atezolizumab cohort) and the independent validation cohort (nivolumab cohort) is shown. EGF, epidermal growth factor; GM-CSF, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN-α2, interferon-α2; IL-1RA, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; IP-10, IFN-γ-inducible protein 10; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; MIG, monokine induced by IFN-γ; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β; PDGF-AA, platelet-derived growth factor-AA; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α