Fig. 3.

The measurements of apoptosis and immune pathway. a Western blot results of the expression of apoptosis-related proteins after treated with the tested compounds at 10 μM for 24 h. b Western blot results of the pharmacological inhibition of human TDO expression in HepG2 cells after treatment with the tested compounds at 10 μM for 24 h. c Western blot results of the time-dependent (12, 24, and 48 h) inhibition of human TDO expression by PVIS-Ir in HepG2 cells. d qRT-PCR of time-dependent TDO mRNA after treatment with PVIS-Ir (10 μM). Data represent three individual experiments. e Kynurenine inhibition after treatment of HepG2 cells with PVIS-Ir (10 μM) in comparison to PVI and an untreated control. f qRT-PCR of AHR mRNA expression after treatment with PVIS-Ir (10 μM) for 12 h, 24 h, and 48 h. Data represent three individual experiments