Table 4.

Use of xylooligosaccharides in different fields

Category	Use of XOs	Documented in
Pharmaceutical application	Anti-allergic activity by producing inhibitory compounds against IgE antibody. Also has some anti-oxidant activity	Synthesis of xylooligosaccharides of daidzein and their anti-oxidant and anti-allergic activities (Shimoda et al. 2011)
	It was observed in vitro that XOs has some cytotoxicity towards leukemia cells obtained from acute lymphoblastic leukemia	Hot-compressed-water decomposed products from bamboo manifest a selective cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (Ando et al. 2004)
	XO consumption has been found to significantly reduce severe constipation in pregnant women with no side effects	Effect of xylooligosaccharide intake on severe constipation in pregnant women (Tateyama et al. 2005)
	XOs as sole carbon source remarkably promote the growth of probiotics. It can be employed in food related applications as it has excellent anti-oxidant activity	Xylooligosaccharides production by crude microbial enzymes from agricultural waste without prior treatment and their potential application as nutraceuticals (Jagtap et al. 2017)
	Oral administration of Rice husk supplemented with XOs has beneficial, antidiabetic potential and significantly regulates blood glucose, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia by maintaining gut microbiota	Antihyperglycemic effect of rice husk derived xylooligosaccharides in high‐fat diet and low‐dose streptozotocin‐induced type 2 diabetic rat model (Khat-udomkiri et al. 2020)
Novel application	Esters and ethers have been manufactured from XOs (with high molar mass) utilized in biodegradable plastics as thermoplastic compounds. They may be used in coatings and films in food industry as well as capsules and tablets coatings	Thermoplastic pentosan-rich polysaccharides from biomass (Glasser et al. 1995)
	XOs can be used for the preparation of hydrogels	Preparation and properties of hydrogels based on hemicelluloses (Gabrielii and Gatenholm 1998)
Novel food	It is declared by the European food safety authority (EFSA) Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) that XOS is safe to be used in novel food (NF) such as dairy products, bakery products, chocolates, fruit jellies, and drinks	Safety of xylo-oligosaccharides (XOS) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 By European food safety authority (EFSA) (Turck et al. 2018)
Food application	The synbiotic soymilk supplemented with XOs inoculated with a probiotic revealed anticarcinogenic effects with significant increase in functional compounds and nutrients by fermentation process	Synbiotic fermented soymilk with Weissella cibaria FB069 and xylooligosaccharides prevents proliferation in human colon cancer cells (Le et al. 2020)
	Xylobiose supplement is an alternative sweetener, exhibits therapeutic capacity for the treatment of metabolic disorders in obesity as well as suppression of fat deposit, reduces body weight, blood glucose, liver weights and blood lipids	Xylobiose prevents high-fat diet-induced mice obesity by suppressing mesenteric fat deposition and metabolic dysregulation (Lim et al. 2018)