Fig. 3.

Proposed models of DCIS progression. a Independent lineage model, which presumes that DCIS and IDC derive from two distinct normal epithelial cells which share no overlapping CNAs or mutations. b Evolutionary bottleneck model, which presumes that a specific clone within DCIS is selected and it evolves into IDC. c Multiclonal invasion model, which presumes that multiple clones escape and co-migrate to invasive regions to generate IDC. d Convergent phenotype model, which presumes that subclones of different genotypes within DCIS can all give rise to an invasive phenotype to establish IDC