TABLE 7.
EMG activation level of UE muscles during wrist-hand flexion at the 20% and 40% iMVC contraction levels under non-tsES and tsES.
| Motion | ECU-ED | BIC | TRI | APB | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EMG activation level (mean ± SD) | |||||
| 20%Fx | Non-tsES | 0.248 ± 0.027 | 0.259 ± 0.020 | 0.218 ± 0.020 | 0.223 ± 0.033 |
| tsES | 0.279 ± 0.011 | 0.220 ± 0.017 | 0.253 ± 0.026 | 0.274 ± 0.020 | |
| P (Cohen’s d) | 0.405 (0.276) | 0.043*(0.744) | 0.445 | 0.018*(0.458) | |
| 40%Fx | Non-tsES | 0.324 ± 0.037 | 0.347 ± 0.014 | 0.328 ± 0.009 | 0.318 ± 0.030 |
| tsES | 0.395 ± 0.055 | 0.319 ± 0.023 | 0.293 ± 0.023 | 0.368 ± 0.039 | |
| P (Cohen’s d) | 0.067 (0.646) | 0.148 (0.501) | 0.033 # | 0.368 (0.300) | |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD., The significance differences are denoted as “*” for p < 0.05 (Paired t-test), and “#” for p < 0.05 (Wilcoxon signed rank test). The bold values indicate the presence of statistically significant differences in the p-values. ECU-ED, the combined muscle of extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) and extensor digitorum (ED); BIC, biceps brachii; TRI, triceps brachii; APB, abductor pollicis brevis; EMG, electromyography; tsES, trans-spinal electrical stimulation.