Table 1.
De novo synthesis of typical sterols in yeast
| Products | Strain | Approach | Cultivation mode | Yield/titer/content | References | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genes deleted | Genes introduced | Genes overexpressed | |||||
| Ergosterol | S. cerevisiae | – | – | UPC2 | Flask fermentation | 11.91 mg/g | (Ma et al. 2018) |
| Ergosterol | S. cerevisiae | – | – | ECM22 | 5-L bioreactor | 32.7 mg/g | (Wang et al. 2018) |
| Ergosterol | S. cerevisiae | – | – | ARE2, ERG4 | 5-L bioreactor | 1707 mg/L | (He et al. 2007) |
| Campesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG5 | Mo∆7SR | – | – | – | (Zhang et al. 2007) |
| Campesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG5 | ArDWF1 | – | – | – | (Tsukagoshi et al. 2016) |
| Campesterol | S. cerevisiae | – | DWF1 /5/7 | All the MVA pathway genes, UPC2 | Flask fermentation | 40 mg/L | (Xu et al. 2020) |
| Campesterol | Y. lipolytica | ERG5 | DHCR7 | – | 5-L bioreactor | 453 ± 24.7 mg/L | (Du et al. 2016) |
| Campesterol | Y. lipolytica | ERG5, MFE1, PEX10 | DHCR7 | DHCR7 | 5-L bioreactor | 837 mg/L | (Qian et al. 2020) |
| Campesterol | Y. lipolytica | ERG5 | DHCR7 | POX2 | 5-L bioreactor | 942 mg/L | (Zhang et al. 2017) |
| Cholesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG5, ERG6 | DHCR7, DHCR24 | – | Flask fermentation | 1 mg/g dry cell weight | (Souza et al. 2011) |
| Cholesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG6, ATF2 | DHCR7, DHCR24 | ERG20, ERG9, ERG1 | Flask fermentation | 16 mg/L | (Cheng et al. 2021) |
| Cholesterol | Pichia pastoris | ERG5, ERG6 | DHCR7, DHCR24 | – | – | – | (Hirz et al. 2013) |
| 7-DHC | S. cerevisiae | ERG5, ERG6 | DHCR24, ERG2, ERG3 | ERG1, ERG11, tHMG1 | – | – | (Lang and Veen 2006) |
| 7-DHC | S. cerevisiae | ERG5 | DHCR24, ACS, ACL | tHMG1, ADH2, ALD6 | 5-L bioreactor | 44.49 ± 9.63 mg/L | (Su et al. 2015) |
| 7-DHC | S. cerevisiae | ERG5, ERG6, NEM1 | Gg_DHCR24 | All the MVA pathway genes, Gg_DHCR24 | 5‐L bioreactor | 1.07 g/L | (Guo et al. 2018) |
| Ergosta-5,7-dien-3β-ol | S. cerevisiae | ERG5 | HMG1, ERG1, ERG11 | Flask fermentation | 4.12 mg/g dry cell weight | (Ma et al. 2018) | |
| 22-Hydroxycampest-4-en-3-one | S. cerevisiae | ARE1, AER2, ERG4 | DWF1/5/7, CYP90A1, CYP90B1 | ERG12, ERG13, ERG8, ERG19 | Flask fermentation | 3.63 mg/L | (Xu et al. 2020) |
| β-Sitosterol | S. cerevisiae | ARE1, ARE2, ERG4 | DWF1/5/7, SMT2 | ERG12, ERG13, ERG8, ERG19 | Flask fermentation | 2 mg/L | (Xu et al. 2020) |
| 24-Methylenecholesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG4, ERG5 | StDWF5 | – | – | – | (Sawai et al. 2014) |
| Desmosterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG6 | StDWF5 | – | – | – | (Sawai et al. 2014) |
| 22(R)-Hydroxycholesterol | S. cerevisiae | ERG5, ERG6 | PpCYP90B27 | – | – | – | (Yin et al. 2018) |
CYP90A1 encoding C3-oxidase; CYP90B1 encoding C22-hydroxylase; StDWF5 encoding sterol Δ7 reductase; PpCYP90B27 encoding steroid C22 hydroxylase