Fig. 1.

Double blockade of PD-L1 and TIGIT restores tumor infiltrating lymphocyte function in some cancer patients with MSS CRC. A Design of the experiment conducted with tumor samples (n = 16 patients with colorectal cancer) to test the efficacy of a combination of anti-PDL1 and anti-TIGIT immunotherapies. B, C Box plots showing the percentage of TNFα expression in CD4 (B) and CD8 (C) TILs according to MSS or MSI tumor status and comparing the effect of the anti-CD3 plus anti-PD-L1 condition versus the anti-CD3 alone condition. D, E The percentage induction of TNFα expression of anti-PDL1 and anti-TIGIT blockade compared to anti-PDL1 alone in CD4 (D) and CD8 (E) TILs are depicted. Patients are classified as responders when induction is greater than control and are marked with a red arrow. F, G Box plots showing the percentage of TNFα expression in CD4 (F) and CD8 (G) TILs according to responder (R) or non-responder (NR) status and comparing the effect of anti-TIGIT versus anti-PD-L1 condition. Statistical difference was determined by a Mann–Whitney test. ns not significant and *p < 0.05