Table 4.

Clinical or human evidences explored anti-inflammatory effects of semaglutide (CKD = chronic kidney disease, hsCRP = high-sensitive C-reactive protein).

Treatment	Patients/samples	Dose/duration	Effects	Ref.
Semaglutide	40 men with DM	1 mg/week/6 months/injection	Reduced the inflammatory cytokines of TNF-α and IL-6	[63]
Semaglutide	20 patients with T2DM	1 mg/week/3 months/injection	Minor changes in some inflammatory cytokines (not meaningful) e.g. CRP and IL-6	[64]
Semaglutide	Patients with T2DM	–	Semaglutide is associated to reduced levels of hsCRP vs baseline in patients with T2DM	[74]
Semaglutide	Obese patients with T2DM	0.25 mg/week for 4 weeks, increased to 0.50 mg/week for 16 weeks, and then to 1 mg/week for 10 months	Semaglutide improved psoriasis and epicardial fat volume and inflammation	[89]
Semaglutide	Patients with T2DM and CKD	3 mg/day/9months/orally	Semaglutide improved renal function probably by lowering inflammation	[65]
Semaglutide	Epicardial fat biopsies of patients undergoing open-heart surgery	–	Semaglutide reduced the neutrophils adhesion into endothelial cells and enhances the angiogenesis process	[67]
Semaglutide	Epicardial fat biopsies of patients undergoing cardiac surgery	–	Semaglutide induced anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic effects by suppressing neutrophils’ activity	[87]