Table 2.
Baseline means for 2021 follow-up full and baseline out-of-school samples, by study arm.
| (1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
(6) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| V-Only | VE | VEH | VEHW | p-value | VE, VEH & VEHW | |
| Panel A: Full sample [n = 2023] | ||||||
| Age, mean (sd) | 11.9 (1.3) | 12.0 (1.3) | 11.8 (1.2)† | 11.9 (1.3) | 0.070 | 11.9 (1.3) |
| Cognitive score (0–16), mean (sd) [n = 1986] | 5.2 (2.9) | 4.9 (3.0) | 4.9 (3.2) | 5.3 (3.0) | 0.413 | 5.1 (3.1) |
| Lives with both parents, % [n = 2000] | 74.4 | 73.8 | 77.0 | 74.0 | 0.696 | 74.9 |
| Mother ever attended school, % [n = 1999] | 1.3 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.240 | 0.8 |
| Father ever attended school, % [n = 1997] | 5.8 | 2.8* | 3.3 | 3.5 | 0.243 | 3.2† |
| Grade attainment, mean (sd) | 2.9 (2.2) | 2.7 (2.3) | 2.7 (2.2) | 2.5 (2.1) | 0.618 | 2.6 (2.2) |
| Enrolled in current school year, % | 78.9 | 68.5† | 76.4 | 71.9 | 0.230 | 72.2 |
| Literate in Swahili and English, % [n = 1986] | 38.5 | 32.7 | 38.7 | 33.4 | 0.454 | 34.9 |
| Household wealth quintile (1–5), mean (sd) [n = 1995] | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.4) | 0.793 | 2.8 (1.5) |
| Sample by arm when n = 2023 | 474 | 511 | 512 | 526 | 1549 | |
| Panel B: Baseline out-of-school sample [n = 530, 26.2% of full sample] | ||||||
| Age, mean (sd) | 12.0 (1.3) | 11.9 (1.3) | 11.7 (1.3)* | 12.1 (1.3) | 0.027 | 11.9 (1.3) |
| Cognitive score (0–16), mean (sd) [n = 522] | 4.1 (2.7) | 4.2 (2.9) | 3.1 (2.8)* | 4.4 (3.4) | 0.085 | 4.0 (3.1) |
| Lives with both parents, % [n = 524] | 76.8 | 75.0 | 83.2 | 74.7 | 0.358 | 77.2 |
| Mother ever attended school, % [n = 523] | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.716 | 0.2 |
| Father ever attended school, % [n = 524] | 5.1 | 2.5 | 1.7 | 3.4 | 0.615 | 2.6 |
| Grade attainment, mean (sd) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.3 (0.9)** | 0.1 (0.5) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.001 | 0.3 (0.8) |
| Literate in Swahili and English, % [n = 522] | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 0.392 | 0.5 |
| Household wealth quintile (1–5), mean (sd) [n = 523] | 2.7 (1.6) | 2.7 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.6) | 0.608 | 2.8 (1.6) |
| Sample by arm when n = 530 | 100 | 161 | 121 | 148 | 430 | |
Notes: N = 2023 (unless otherwise indicated) re-interviewed at 2021 follow-up. sd = standard deviation. Asterisks in columns 2–4 indicate statistically different from V-only. P-values in column 5 are from an F test for joint differences across study arms. Column 6 reports the average for VE, VEH and VEHW study arms combined and asterisks indicate statistically different from V-only. All statistical tests are based on regressions that control for district per the stratified design with robust standard errors calculated accounting for clustering at the village level. Baseline means for in-school subsample re-interviewed in 2021, and baseline means for the full, out-of-school and in-school baseline subsamples in 2015 are shown in Appendix B. **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, †p < 0.1.